What to know about Paeonia suffruticosa (tree peony) before using it medicinally

Paeonia suffruticosa, commonly known as tree peony, is a remarkable herb that has been used for centuries to promote overall well-being by reducing inflammation and improving cardiovascular health, among other benefits.

In terms of horticulture, it is a deciduous shrub that requires careful pruning to maintain its structure and promote healthy growth, and is typically cultivated in well-drained soils and full sun conditions. From a botanical standpoint, Paeonia suffruticosa is a member of the Paeoniaceae family, characterized by its showy flowers and unique seed pods.

Historically, the herb has been referenced in traditional Chinese medicine for its medicinal properties and is still used today in herbal remedies for its purported health benefits.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Paeonia suffruticosa.

What are the medicinal properties of Paeonia suffruticosa?

Paeonia suffruticosa helps with fever reduction, anti-inflammatory, and skin issues. Its extracts are used in traditional Chinese medicine for various ailments. The plant is also known for its antioxidant properties.

The active constituents responsible for its medicinal properties include paeonol, paeoniflorin, and alkaloids. These compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiviral activities. Research has also identified other bioactive compounds, including glycosides and phenolic acids.

The plant's medicinal parts include the roots, flowers, and leaves. The roots are the most commonly used part, as they contain a higher concentration of active constituents. The flowers and leaves are also used, although in smaller quantities.

Improper use of Paeonia suffruticosa can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, nausea, and stomach discomfort. Overdosing can lead to more severe adverse effects, including liver damage and respiratory problems.

Common precautions when using Paeonia suffruticosa medicinally include pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers should consult with a healthcare professional before use. Also, individuals with liver or kidney disease should use caution and follow recommended dosages.

What are the horticulural aspects of Paeonia suffruticosa?

Paeonia suffruticosa grow in USDA zones 4-8, requiring full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They thrive in areas with cool winters and warm summers, with adequate moisture during the growing season.

For successful planting, Paeonia suffruticosa is typically set in late autumn or early spring, when the soil is cooler. Dig a hole 12-18 inches deep, adding compost or well-rotted manure to improve soil fertility. Plant the rhizome 2-3 inches deep, with the eyes ( buds) facing upwards.

Harvesting Paeonia suffruticosa flowers usually occurs in late spring, 4-6 weeks after flowering starts, when the buds begin to swell. Cut the stems at an angle, using a sharp, clean knife or pruning tool, to prevent damage to the plant and promote healthy regrowth.

Common pests affecting Paeonia suffruticosa include aphids, slugs, and snails, which can cause significant damage to the foliage and flowers. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and root rot can also occur, particularly in humid or waterlogged conditions, and can be managed with fungicides and good hygiene practices.

What are the botanical aspects of Paeonia suffruticosa?

Paeonia suffruticosa is a perennial shrub that belongs to the family Paeoniaceae. It is characterized by its woody stems, large, showy flowers, and palmate leaves with 3-7 lobes. The stems are usually 1-2 meters tall and 1-2 meters wide.

Paeonia suffruticosa is classified in the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Magnoliopsida, order Ericales, family Paeoniaceae, genus Paeonia, and species P. suffruticosa. This classification reflects its evolutionary relationships to other plants and its position within the plant kingdom.

The tree peony has several variants, including 'Monsieur Fievier', 'Red Charm', and 'Duchesse de Morny'. These variants differ in flower color, size, and shape, as well as in growth habits and leaf characteristics. They are often used in ornamental gardens and parks.

Paeonia suffruticosa is native to China and is commonly found in the mountainous regions of the country, particularly in the provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou. It has been introduced to other parts of the world, including Japan, Korea, and the United States, where it is often cultivated in gardens and parks.

The life cycle of Paeonia suffruticosa typically begins with seed germination in late spring or early summer. The plant grows and develops through the summer, producing flowers in late spring. After flowering, the plant goes dormant during the summer heat, and new growth begins in the fall. In the winter, the plant remains dormant, only to repeat the cycle in the following year.

What are the historical aspects of Paeonia suffruticosa?

Paeonia suffruticosa is an ancient plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. It was first recorded in Chinese medical literature in the Shennong Bencaojing (Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica) in the 1st century AD, where it was listed as a treatment for various ailments.

In Chinese mythology, Paeonia suffruticosa was associated with the goddess of fertility, Xiwangmu. According to legend, the plant was a favorite of the goddess and was used to enhance its beauty and fertility. In another myth, the plant was said to have been created by the god of medicine, Shennong.

In Chinese culture, Paeonia suffruticosa is often seen as a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, and long life. It is also associated with the five elements and is said to bring balance and harmony to the body. The plant's beauty and fragrance are also said to symbolize the beauty of nature.

One of the earliest written records of Paeonia suffruticosa is found in the medical text, the Ben Cao Gang Mu (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Li Shizhen in the 16th century. The text describes the plant's uses, cultivation, and properties in detail. The book is still studied by scholars and practitioners today.

Many ancient artifacts, such as ceramics and textiles, feature depictions of Paeonia suffruticosa. These artifacts can be found in museums and collections around the world, providing a glimpse into the plant's history and cultural significance. For example, the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. has a collection of Chinese ceramics from the 13th to 14th centuries featuring images of the plant.