What to know about Orthosiphon aristata (java tea) before using it medicinally

Orthosiphon aristata, commonly known as java tea, is a herb that has been valued for its medicinal properties for centuries, offering benefits that range from reducing inflammation and improving kidney function to acting as a natural diuretic.

As a hardy perennial herb, Orthosiphon aristata is relatively easy to cultivate and can thrive in various environments, making it a popular choice among gardeners and herbalists alike. Botanically, Orthosiphon aristata belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is known for its distinctive leaf shape and aroma.

In traditional medicine, Java tea has been used for centuries in various cultures, with ancient texts such as the Ayurvedic text "Charaka Samhita" and traditional Chinese medicine referencing its medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Orthosiphon aristata .

What are the medicinal properties of Orthosiphon aristata ?

Orthosiphon aristata helps with urinary disorders, such as kidney stones and urinary tract infections. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat fever, headaches, and rheumatism. The plant has astringent and antiseptic properties. It is used as a diuretic and to treat water retention.

The active constituents of Orthosiphon aristata include caffeic acid, quinic acid, and ursolic acid, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. The plant's bioactive compounds have also been found to have a synergistic effect, enhancing its overall therapeutic potential.

The leaves and stems of the Orthosiphon aristata plant are the most commonly used parts for medicinal purposes. They are harvested and dried, then used to make teas, infusions, and extracts. The dried leaves can be steeped in hot water to make a tea that is taken orally to treat various health conditions.

Improper use of Orthosiphon aristata can cause side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and headaches. Excessive consumption can also lead to kidney damage and anemia. Interactions with other medications, such as blood thinners, can also occur.

Precautions when using Orthosiphon aristata medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially for people with pre-existing medical conditions, such as kidney disease or anemia. It is also essential to follow recommended dosages and to avoid excessive consumption. Additionally, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before using this plant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Orthosiphon aristata ?

Orthosiphon aristata grow well in well-drained soils with pH between 5.5 and 6.5. It thrives in partial shade to full sun with temperatures between 15°C and 25°C. Water requirements are moderate, with about 1-2 inches of rainfall per week.

Planting tips for java tea include using seeds or seedlings, sowing 1-2 cm deep and 5-10 cm apart. Soil preparation is crucial, with a mix of compost and well-drained soil. Mulching helps retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvesting java tea typically occurs when leaves are mature and have reached their full size. Cutting or harvesting at the base of the plant encourages bushy growth and prevents over-maturity. Timing depends on the region's climate and plant maturity. Regular pruning maintains the plant's shape.

Java tea is susceptible to pests like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can be controlled with neem oil and insecticidal soap. Diseases affecting java tea include leaf spot and root rot, which can be managed by practicing good hygiene, avoiding overwatering, and applying fungicides. Regular monitoring and prompt action are essential.

What are the botanical aspects of Orthosiphon aristata ?

Orthosiphon aristata is a perennial herb that belongs to the family Lamiaceae. It has a square stem with 4-angled branches, reaching heights of up to 3 meters. Leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and 5-15 cm long, with a hairy lower surface.

The taxonomical classification of Orthosiphon aristata is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Lamiales, Family: Lamiaceae, Genus: Orthosiphon, Species: O. aristatus. It is a member of the genus Orthosiphon, which comprises around 25 species.

The variants of Orthosiphon aristata include the subspecies O. a. var. minor, which has shorter stems and leaves, and the cultivar 'Purple Haze', which has purple-tinged leaves. Other variants are often hybrids between O. aristata and other species within the genus.

Orthosiphon aristata is native to Southeast Asia, specifically in Indonesia and Malaysia, where it grows in tropical rainforests. It has also been naturalized in other parts of the world, including Africa and Australia. In its native habitat, it grows in a variety of soil types and elevations.

The life cycle of Orthosiphon aristata consists of a period of dormancy during winter, followed by rapid growth during the wet season, when it produces new stems and leaves. It flowers in late spring, producing small, purple flowers in axillary clusters. The seeds mature in late summer, allowing for reproduction and dispersal.

What are the historical aspects of Orthosiphon aristata ?

Orthosiphon aristata is a plant native to Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia and Malaysia. It has been used for centuries in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and digestive issues.

In Balinese Hindu mythology, Orthosiphon aristata is associated with the god of medicine, Durga, who is said to have used the plant to heal the gods. The plant is also mentioned in ancient Hindu texts, such as the Ramayana, as a symbol of spiritual growth and healing.

In traditional Chinese culture, Orthosiphon aristata is considered a yin plant, associated with the element of water and the qualities of calmness and serenity. It is often used in Feng Shui to bring balance and harmony to the environment.

The ancient Greek physician Galen (129-216 CE) and the Roman physician Dioscorides (40-90 CE) wrote about the medicinal properties of Orthosiphon aristata in their respective works. The Greek physician Galen used the plant to treat various diseases, including fever and rheumatism.

Archeological findings from ancient Indonesian tombs and temples have revealed ceramic and bronze artifacts featuring illustrations of the Orthosiphon aristata plant. These artifacts date back to the 12th century and demonstrate the plant's importance in traditional Indonesian culture and medicine.