What to know about Ornithogalum umbellatum (star-of-bethlehem) before using it medicinally

Ornithogalum umbellatum, commonly known as star-of-bethlehem, is a herb that boasts a wide range of health benefits, from reducing inflammation to promoting relaxation and improving sleep quality.

This hardy, evergreen perennial is often cultivated in gardens for its showy, bell-shaped flowers and attractive foliage, making it a popular choice for ornamental purposes. Botanically, Ornithogalum umbellatum is classified as a bulbous perennial, with a distinctive, umbellate inflorescence and leaves that are typically gray-green in color.

Historically, the herb has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use dating back to ancient Greece and Rome.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Ornithogalum umbellatum.

What are the medicinal properties of Ornithogalum umbellatum?

Ornithogalum umbellatum helps with insomnia, anxiety, and restlessness due to its sedative and anxiolytic properties. It is also used to treat digestive issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gastrointestinal spasms.

The active constituents of Ornithogalum umbellatum that provide its medicinal properties include flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides, which have been shown to have sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic effects.

The bulbs, leaves, and roots of Ornithogalum umbellatum are used for medicinal purposes, with the bulbs being the most commonly used part. The bulbs contain the highest concentration of active constituents.

Improper use of Ornithogalum umbellatum can lead to side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and gastrointestinal upset. Prolonged use can also cause dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Precautions when using Ornithogalum umbellatum medicinally include pregnant and breastfeeding women, as well as individuals with respiratory issues or those taking sedatives or anticoagulants, should consult a healthcare professional before use.

What are the horticulural aspects of Ornithogalum umbellatum?

Ornithogalum umbellatum grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. The plant thrives in zones 5-9, tolerating temperatures between -20°C to 30°C. It prefers slightly acidic to neutral soil pH, between 6.0-7.0.

To plant Ornithogalum umbellatum, select a location with minimal watering and fertilization needs. Plant bulbs 3-4 inches deep in late summer to early fall, or in early spring. Space bulbs 6-8 inches apart, and avoid overwatering. Mulch around the plants to retain moisture.

Ornithogalum umbellatum blooms in late spring, and the flowers are ready for harvest when the petals drop. Cut the foliage back after blooming to about 1 inch from the ground. Allow the bulbs to dry out, then replant them in the fall or early spring, depending on your climate.

Common pests affecting Ornithogalum umbellatum include aphids, spider mites, and slugs. Fungal diseases such as bulb rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew may also occur. Regularly inspect the plants and take prompt action against infestations or infections to prevent damage and spread.

What are the botanical aspects of Ornithogalum umbellatum?

Ornithogalum umbellatum is a perennial plant that belongs to the Asparagaceae family. It has linear, glabrous leaves that are 30-50 cm long and 3-10 mm wide, arranged in a basal rosette. The leaves are often tinged with purple.

Ornithogalum umbellatum is classified in the kingdom Plantae, phylum Tracheophyta, class Liliopsida, order Asparagales, family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae, tribe Ornithogaleae, and genus Ornithogalum. The specific epithet "umbellatum" refers to the umbrella-shaped inflorescence.

Several variants of Ornithogalum umbellatum exist, including 'Album', a white-flowered cultivar, and 'Purpureum', a purple-flowered cultivar. 'Rubro-umbellatum' has reddish-brown flowers, while 'Variegatum' has leaves with yellow or white margins. 'Africanum' has more vigorous growth.

Ornithogalum umbellatum is native to southern Europe and northwestern Africa, but has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It grows in a variety of habitats, including dry woods, grasslands, and rocky areas.

The life cycle of Ornithogalum umbellatum begins with germination in autumn or winter, followed by rosette formation and growth. In late spring or early summer, the plant produces an umbrella-shaped inflorescence, which is followed by seed ripening and dispersal in summer. The seeds may remain viable for many years.

What are the historical aspects of Ornithogalum umbellatum?

Ornithogalum umbellatum is a plant with a rich history of traditional use. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was employed as a treatment for various ailments, including fever, epilepsy, and snake bites. The plant was also used to purify water and air.

Mythological references to Ornithogalum umbellatum are found in various ancient cultures. In Greek mythology, the plant was associated with the story of the Magi, who brought it as a gift to the baby Jesus. The plant's star-like flowers were said to symbolize the star that guided the Magi to Bethlehem. Similarly, in Roman mythology, the plant was linked to the goddess of the hunt, Diana.

Ornithogalum umbellatum has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In Christianity, the plant is seen as a symbol of hope, renewal, and the promise of new life. In ancient Egypt, it represented the soul's journey to the afterlife. In European folklore, it was associated with good luck and prosperity.

Historical texts provide valuable information about Ornithogalum umbellatum. The plant is mentioned in the writings of ancient Greek physicians, such as Dioscorides and Galen. The 16th-century botanist, Leonhart Fuchs, described the plant's properties and uses in his book "De historia stirpium". The 18th-century botanist, Carolus Linnaeus, classified the plant in his book "Species Plantarum".

Archaeological artifacts have provided evidence of Ornithogalum umbellatum's use in ancient times. Excavations in ancient Greek and Roman ruins have uncovered ceramic vessels containing the plant's dried flowers. Mosaics from ancient Roman houses depict the plant's flowers, suggesting its significance in domestic decoration. These findings demonstrate the plant's importance in ancient cultures.