By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 21, 2024
What to know about Origanum vulgare before using it medicinally
Origanum vulgare, commonly known as wild marjoram, has been used to treat a range of health conditions, including digestive issues such as bloating and indigestion, as well as respiratory problems like bronchitis and coughs.
The herb has several main health benefits, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which can help to protect against cell damage and reduce inflammation. Its main therapeutic properties include antimicrobial, antiseptic, and antispasmodic actions, which can help to combat infections, soothe irritated tissues, and relax muscle spasms. The bioactive compounds present in Origanum vulgare include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes, which are responsible for its medicinal properties.
People often use this herb to make a tea, known as wild marjoram tea, which can be consumed hot or cold to reap its benefits.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", the essential oil of Origanum vulgare has been found to possess various beneficial effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. The administration of Origanum vulgare essential oil has been shown to improve cognitive ability and reduce anxiety-like behavior in a zebrafish model of cognitive impairment. Additionally, the oil has been found to restore the cholinergic system activity and brain antioxidant status, suggesting its potential as a valuable source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical applications.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Origanum vulgare, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Origanum vulgare provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Diarrhea, Digestive issues, Insect bites, Indigestion, Fungal infections, Gastroenteritis, Skin irritation, Respiratory infections, Menstrual cramps, Flatulence |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Fights bacterial infections, Aids digestive issues, Lowers blood pressure, Eases respiratory symptoms, Improves immune function, Reduces oxidative stress, Relieves menstrual cramps, Affects cancer growth, Treats urinary issues |
| Properties | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiseptic, Antihistamine, Analgesic, Antiviral, Antifungal, Expectorant, Antispasmodic |
| Constituents | Carvacrol, Thymol, Rosmarinic acid, Bornyl acetate, Luteolin, Linalool, Caryophyllene oxide, Sesquiterpenes, Apigenin, Phenolic acids |
| Parts | Leaves, Flowers, Roots |
| Preparations | Essential oil, Tincture, Salve, Tea, Suppository, Capsule |
| Side Effects | Experience gastrointestinal upset, Develop allergic reactions, Interact with medications, Provoke respiratory distress, Cause uterine contractions, Exacerbate peptic ulcers, Trigger migraine headaches, Induce photosensitivity, Cause liver damage, Affect blood clotting |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional, Follow proper dosing, Monitor liver function, Avoid during pregnancy, Avoid during breastfeeding, Interact with medications, Allergic reactions possible, Gastrointestinal side effects, Kidney impairment, Skin sensitivity |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Origanum vulgare. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Origanum vulgare?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Origanum vulgare?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Origanum vulgare?
- What are the major healing constituents of Origanum vulgare?
- What are the most used parts of Origanum vulgare in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Origanum vulgare?
- What are the possible side effects of Origanum vulgare if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Origanum vulgare medicinally?
- Related herbs to Origanum vulgare?
What are the main medicinal uses of Origanum vulgare?
The main medicinal uses of Origanum vulgare are its efficacy in treating digestive issues, such as indigestion, due to its content of rosmarinic acid, a potent antioxidant that reduces inflammation in the stomach.
This plant is also effective in alleviating respiratory infections, like bronchitis, thanks to its antimicrobial properties, specifically carvacrol and thymol, which inhibit the growth of pathogens. Additionally, Origanum vulgare is used to treat diarrhea, a condition caused by an imbalance of gut microbiota, where linalool and borneol, two sesquiterpenes, exhibit antimicrobial activity that helps restore the normal gut flora. The antifungal properties of Origanum vulgare, particularly carvacrol, enable it to combat fungal infections, including those caused by Candida albicans.
Its wound-healing properties, attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid, also make it useful in treating skin infections, menstrual cramps, and skin conditions, such as eczema, by promoting tissue repair and reducing inflammation.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Origanum vulgare.
The list below provide more details on why Origanum vulgare is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Diarrhea: This herb is used for its carminative properties, which help to reduce gas and alleviate symptoms associated with diarrhea.
- Digestive Issues: Its antispasmodic and carminative properties make it useful in treating a range of digestive issues, from indigestion and bloating to constipation and cramps.
- Insect Bites: The antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of this herb help to reduce swelling and itching associated with insect bites.
- Indigestion: Its antispasmodic properties help to relax the muscles in the digestive tract and alleviate symptoms of indigestion, such as heartburn and discomfort.
- Fungal Infections: The antifungal properties of this herb make it effective in treating fungal infections, such as athlete's foot and ringworm.
- Gastroenteritis: Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties help to alleviate symptoms of gastroenteritis, such as diarrhea and abdominal cramps.
- Skin Irritation: The antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties of this herb help to reduce redness and itching associated with skin irritation.
- Respiratory Infections: The expectorant properties of this herb help to loosen and clear mucus from the airways, making it effective in treating respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and pneumonia.
- Menstrual Cramps: Its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties help to alleviate menstrual cramps and other symptoms associated with PMS.
- Flatulence: Its carminative properties help to reduce gas and alleviate symptoms of flatulence, such as bloating and discomfort.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Origanum vulgare, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Insect Bites, Digestive Issues, Diarrhea, Fungal Infections, Skin Irritation, Urinary Tract Infections, Respiratory Infections, Gastroenteritis, Menstrual Cramps, Cold Sores, Indigestion, Wound Healing, Bad Breath, Stomach Ulcers, Inflammatory Conditions, Migraines, Gastroesophageal Reflux, Skin Infections, Wound Infections, Skin Irritations |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Diarrhea, Digestive Issues, Fungal Infections, Insect Bites, Indigestion, Menstrual Cramps, Wound Healing, Respiratory Infections, Skin Irritation, Urinary Tract Infections, Gastroenteritis, Cold Sores, Inflammation, Skin Infections, Cold, Flatulence, Warts, Respiratory Problems, Dyspepsia, Wounds |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Diarrhea, Insect Bites, Digestive Issues, Indigestion, Fungal Infections, Gastroenteritis, Respiratory Infections, Wounds, Menstrual Cramps, Skin Irritation, Respiratory Issues, Flatulence, Eczema, Skin Infections, Fever, Skin Irritations, Cold, Warts, Vaginal Infections, Urinary Tract Infections |
| Unani Medicine | Diarrhea, Insect Bites, Indigestion, Digestive Issues, Skin Irritations, Fungal Infections, Respiratory Infections, Asthma, Flatulence, Fever, Skin Infections, Urinary Tract Infections, Wound Healing, Gastroenteritis, Colic, Cough, Menstrual Cramps, Dyspepsia, Cold Sores, Eczema |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Diarrhea, Indigestion, Digestive Issues, Gastroenteritis, Insect Bites, Fungal Infections, Cold Sores, Skin Irritations, Flatulence, Respiratory Infections, Menstrual Cramps, Colic, Wound Healing, Gastritis, Inflammation, Fever, Urinary Tract Infection, Stomach Ulcers, Cough, Bronchitis |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Origanum vulgare is used to treat various health conditions, with its essential oils exhibiting antimicrobial and antifungal properties, making it effective against insect bites, digestive issues and diarrhea caused by bacterial or viral infections.
It is also used to prevent fungal infections, such as athlete's foot, and skin irritation from eczema and dermatitis. Additionally, its antiseptic properties help to treat urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, gastroenteritis, menstrual cramps, and cold sores caused by the herpes simplex virus. Furthermore, Origanum vulgare is used to alleviate symptoms of indigestion, promote wound healing, and prevent bad breath.
Its anti-inflammatory properties also make it useful in treating stomach ulcers, inflammatory conditions, migraines, gastroesophageal reflux, skin infections, wound infections, and skin irritations.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Origanum vulgare is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea and digestive issues, which are often alleviated by its carminative and anti-inflammatory properties.
This plant is also used to combat fungal infections, such as athlete's foot, due to its antifungal compounds. Additionally, its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in treating insect bites, indigestion, and menstrual cramps. Furthermore, Origanum vulgare is used to promote wound healing, combat respiratory infections, and soothe skin irritation, urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and cold sores.
Its antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties also make it useful in treating inflammation, skin infections, cold, flatulence, warts, respiratory problems, dyspepsia, and wounds.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Origanum vulgare is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, which is alleviated due to its antimicrobial properties.
The plant's antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in treating insect bites, while its carminative properties help in soothing digestive issues and indigestion. Additionally, its antifungal properties make it useful in treating fungal infections and gastroenteritis, as well as respiratory infections and wounds. It is also used to alleviate menstrual cramps, skin irritation, and respiratory issues, and its antispasmodic properties help in reducing flatulence.
Furthermore, Origanum vulgare is used to treat eczema, skin infections, fever, cold, warts, vaginal infections, and urinary tract infections.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Origanum vulgare is used to treat various health conditions, including diarrhea, which is alleviated by its antidiarrheal properties.
It is also employed to counteract the discomfort of insect bites, reduce symptoms of indigestion, and address digestive issues through its carminative and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, it is used to treat skin irritations, fungal infections, and respiratory infections due to its antimicrobial properties. Additionally, Origanum vulgare is used to alleviate flatulence, fever, and skin infections, while also promoting wound healing and treating gastroenteritis, colic, and cough.
Its antiviral properties also make it beneficial in treating cold sores, eczema, asthma, menstrual cramps, dyspepsia, urinary tract infections, and other conditions, showcasing its versatility in unani medicine.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Origanum vulgare is used to treat a range of health conditions.
Diarrhea, often caused by bacterial or viral infections, is alleviated by the plant's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Indigestion and digestive issues, such as gastritis, are managed with its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, while gastroenteritis is treated with its antimicrobial action. Additionally, Origanum vulgare is used to alleviate symptoms of insect bites, fungal infections, cold sores, skin irritations, flatulence, respiratory infections, menstrual cramps, colic, and wound healing due to its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties.
Furthermore, its antiseptic properties also aid in the treatment of fever, urinary tract infections, stomach ulcers, cough, bronchitis, and inflammation, showcasing the plant's versatility in homeopathic medicine.
What are the primary health benefits of Origanum vulgare?
Origanum vulgare reduces inflammation by containing compounds like carvacrol and thymol, which exhibit potent anti-inflammatory properties.
It fights bacterial infections by inhibiting the growth of pathogens such as E. coli and S. aureus due to its antimicrobial properties. Aids digestive issues by relaxing the muscles in the digestive tract and improving gut motility. Origanum vulgare lowers blood pressure through its vasodilatory effect, which reduces peripheral resistance.
Eases respiratory symptoms by reducing mucus production and relieving bronchospasm, while improving immune function by stimulating the production of cytokines and activating natural killer cells.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Origanum vulgare.
The list below provides more details on why Origanum vulgare offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This benefit is due to the presence of rosmarinic acid and other phenolic compounds in the plant, which have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and reduce the severity of inflammation.
- Fights Bacterial Infections: The plant contains essential oils, including carvacrol and thymol, which have antimicrobial properties that help to combat bacterial infections by disrupting the cell membranes of the bacteria and inhibiting their growth.
- Aids Digestive Issues: The plant has been traditionally used to aid digestion and alleviate symptoms of indigestion and irritable bowel syndrome due to its antispasmodic and carminative properties, which help to relax the muscles in the digestive tract and reduce gas and bloating.
- Lowers Blood Pressure: The plant contains potassium, which helps to balance the levels of sodium in the body and reduce blood pressure, while its antioxidants also help to protect the blood vessels from damage and improve their function.
- Eases Respiratory Symptoms: The plant's essential oils, particularly thymol, have been shown to have expectorant properties, which help to loosen and clear mucus from the lungs and airways, making it easier to breathe and alleviating symptoms of respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and asthma.
- Improves Immune Function: The plant contains antioxidants and other compounds that help to boost the immune system by protecting it from oxidative stress and inflammation, and also by stimulating the production of white blood cells, which are essential for fighting off infections.
- Reduces Oxidative Stress: The plant's antioxidants, including rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, help to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, which can damage cells and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Relieves Menstrual Cramps: The plant has been traditionally used to alleviate menstrual cramps due to its antispasmodic properties, which help to relax the muscles in the uterus and reduce pain and discomfort.
- Affects Cancer Growth: The plant's antioxidants and other compounds have been shown to have anti-cancer properties, which help to prevent the growth and spread of cancer cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death.
- Treats Urinary Issues: The plant's antispasmodic and diuretic properties help to alleviate symptoms of urinary issues such as urinary tract infections and kidney stones by relaxing the muscles in the urinary tract and increasing urine production to flush out toxins and bacteria.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Origanum vulgare for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Improves Blood Flow, Lowers Blood Pressure, Boosts Heart Rate, Enhances Circulation, Reduces Inflammation, Slows Down Atherosclerosis, Improves Cardiac Output, Increases Red Blood Cells, Reduces Triglycerides, Regulates Blood Viscosity |
| Digestive System | Eases Digestive Pain, Reduces Inflammation, Fights Bacterial Growth, Relieves Gastro Upset, Soothes Ibs Symptoms, Prevents Ulcer Formation, Eliminates Fungal Infections, Heals Gastric Lesions, Increases Gut Motility, Reduces Stomach Bloating |
| Endocrine System | Regulates Hormone, Suppresses Insulin, Balances Thyroid, Boosts Adrenal, Stabilizes Metabolism, Reduces Cortisol, Regenerates Pancreas, Increases Insulin, Calms Ovaries, Supports Thyroid |
| Integumentary System | Soothes Skin Irritations, Reduces Inflammation Quickly, Repairs Damaged Skin, Fights Acne Formation, Protects Skin Barrier, Calms Skin Allergies, Solves Skin Problems, Treats Skin Infections, Heals Skin Wounds, Prevents Skin Aging |
| Lymphatic System | Stimulates Lymph Flow, Boosts Immune System, Reduces Inflammation, Enhances Detoxification, Supports Tissue Repair, Fights Bacterial Growth, Relaxes Nerve Tension, Eases Swelling Pain, Protects Cell Integrity, Balances Body Ph |
| Musculoskeletal System | Relaxes Muscles, Reduces Inflammation, Eases Joint Pain, Improves Mobility, Strengthens Bones, Decreases Swelling, Soothes Tendons, Prevents Arthritis, Fights Fibromyalgia, Heals Ligaments |
| Nervous System | Reduces Stress, Calms Anxiety, Relaxes Muscles, Regulates Mood, Improves Sleep, Boosts Energy, Reduces Fatigue, Soothes Nerves, Alleviates Pain, Enhances Focus |
| Reproductive System | Boosts Ovulation, Regulates Menstrual, Reduces Infertility, Improves Fertility, Enhances Libido, Supports Hormone, Reduces Menstrual, Improves Reproductive, Increases Sperm, Regulates Estrogen |
| Respiratory System | Relieve Congestion, Reduce Inflammation, Open Airways, Clear Mucus, Prevent Asthma, Eases Coughing, Treat Bronchitis, Soothe Throat, Protect Lungs, Calm Allergies |
| Urinary System | Relieve Urinary Tract, Reduce Bladder Irritation, Treat Kidney Stones, Prevent Urinary Tract, Cure Bladder Infections, Soothe Prostate Glands, Remove Kidney Deposits, Treat Urinary Incontinence, Prevent Bladder Stones, Relieve Overactive Bladder |
Circulatory System
Origanum vulgare improves blood flow due to its vasodilatory properties, which widen blood vessels and increase blood flow to the heart.
Lowering blood pressure is facilitated by its antioxidant properties, which protect against oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Boosting heart rate is attributed to its cardiotonic properties, which enhance cardiac contractility and output. Enhancing circulation is a result of its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce inflammation and improve blood vessel function, thereby slowing down atherosclerosis.
Reducing triglycerides and regulating blood viscosity are also benefits of Origanum vulgare, which is rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids that exert their effects through various mechanisms, including reducing inflammation and improving blood lipid profiles.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Varicose veins
- Poor circulation
- Raynaud's disease
- Hypotension
- Thrombosis
- Cardiovascular disease
- Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis
- Elevated blood pressure
- Cardiac arrhythmia
Digestive System
Origanum vulgare eases digestive pain due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce swelling and alleviate discomfort in the digestive tract.
Its antimicrobial properties also reduce inflammation, fighting bacterial growth that can cause digestive issues. Origanum vulgare relieves gastro upset and soothes IBS symptoms with its antioxidant properties, protecting cells from damage and promoting a healthy gut environment. Additionally, its ability to prevent ulcer formation and eliminate fungal infections makes it a valuable herb for maintaining a balanced digestive system, as it heals gastric lesions and increases gut motility.
Origanum vulgare also reduces stomach bloating by regulating digestion and alleviating pressure on the digestive tract.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Indigestion
- Bloating
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Constipation
- Diarrhea
- Peptic ulcer
- Irritable bowel syndrome
Endocrine System
Origanum vulgare regulates hormone production by exhibiting estrogenic and anti-estrogenic properties, balancing the endocrine system's delicate equilibrium.
Suppressing insulin release, this plant's anti-diabetic properties have been shown to mitigate the onset of type 2 diabetes. Origanum vulgare balances thyroid function by modulating the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), a crucial process for maintaining proper thyroid hormone levels. Boosting adrenal function, its adaptogenic properties facilitate the body's natural response to stress, thereby enhancing overall endocrine resilience.
By exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, Origanum vulgare stabilizes metabolism, reduces cortisol levels, regenerates pancreatic tissue, increases insulin sensitivity, calms ovarian dysfunction, and supports thyroid health, ultimately promoting endocrine well-being.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Thyroiditis
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperthyroidism
- Infertility
- Menstrual irregularities
Integumentary System
Origanum vulgare soothes skin irritations due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which reduce redness and swelling, and its antimicrobial properties, which prevent infections.
Its antioxidant properties reduce inflammation quickly and protect the skin barrier from damage caused by free radicals. Origanum vulgare repairs damaged skin through its ability to stimulate collagen production and promote tissue repair. Additionally, its antifungal properties fight acne formation by reducing yeast growth, and its anti-allergic properties calm skin allergies by blocking histamine release.
Origanum vulgare also treats skin infections, heals skin wounds by promoting cell proliferation, and prevents skin aging through its ability to reduce oxidative stress and promote skin elasticity.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Acne
- Wound healing
- Dandruff
- Fungal infections
- Burns
- Skin infections
Lymphatic System
Origanum vulgare stimulates lymph flow, a process crucial for the removal of toxins from the body, by virtue of its vasodilatory properties that widen blood vessels and improve circulation.
This plant's antimicrobial properties boost the immune system by inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. The anti-inflammatory properties of Origanum vulgare reduce inflammation, which is a common symptom of various diseases. Origanum vulgare enhances detoxification by increasing the production of enzymes that break down toxins, thereby reducing their harmful effects on the body.
Furthermore, its antioxidant properties support tissue repair by neutralizing free radicals that cause damage to cells and promoting the healing process, while fighting bacterial growth, relaxing nerve tension, easing swelling pain, protecting cell integrity, and balancing the body's pH.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Lymphedema
- Lymphadenitis
- Lymphangitis
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Recurrent infections
- Fatigue
- Autoimmune disorders
Musculoskeletal System
Origanum vulgare relaxes muscles due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help reduce muscle spasms and tension.
The plant reduces inflammation through its anti-inflammatory compounds, thereby alleviating joint pain and swelling. Easing joint pain is attributed to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, which prevent infections and inflammation that lead to pain. Origanum vulgare improves mobility by soothing tendons and ligaments, allowing for a full range of motion.
The plant strengthens bones, decreases swelling, and prevents arthritis by containing a rich amount of calcium and other essential minerals, making it an excellent remedy for musculoskeletal health.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Arthritis
- Tendinitis
- Bursitis
- Muscle spasms
- Tendinopathy
- Fibromyalgia
Nervous System
Origanum vulgare reduces stress through its antioxidant properties, which help mitigate oxidative stress that can contribute to anxiety.
Calms anxiety by exerting a sedative effect on the nervous system due to its essential oils, which contain borneol and camphor, known for their calming and anxiolytic properties. Relaxing muscles is facilitated by its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties, which soothe muscle spasms and relieve pain, thus improving sleep quality by promoting relaxation. Regulating mood is a result of its adaptogenic properties, which help the body adapt to stress and promote balance in the nervous system, leading to improved energy levels and reduced fatigue.
Origanum vulgare soothes nerves, alleviates pain, and enhances focus through its analgesic and cognitive-enhancing properties, respectively, making it a valuable natural remedy for various nervous system disorders.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Digestive issues
- Stress
- Migraines
- Depression
- Muscle tension
Reproductive System
Origanum vulgare boosts ovulation by stimulating the pituitary gland to release gonadotropin-releasing hormone, thereby regulating the reproductive cycle.
This plant regulates menstrual cycles by balancing the levels of estrogen and progesterone hormones, alleviating symptoms of PMS and dysmenorrhea. The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Origanum vulgare reduce infertility by preventing infections and inflammation in the reproductive tract, promoting a healthy environment for fertilization. Additionally, its antioxidant properties improve fertility by protecting sperm from oxidative stress and damage, thus enhancing their motility and viability.
Origanum vulgare enhances libido by increasing the production of sex hormones, supporting hormone regulation, reduces menstrual cramps, improves reproductive health by strengthening the uterine muscles, increases sperm count by promoting healthy testicular function, and regulates estrogen levels by balancing the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menstrual cramps
- Endometriosis
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Erectile dysfunction
- Low libido
- Infertility
Respiratory System
Origanum vulgare relieve congestion by releasing volatile oils that have antimicrobial properties, thereby reducing the presence of pathogens that contribute to congestion.
The anti-inflammatory properties of Origanum vulgare reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract, allowing air to flow freely and open airways. This process also enables the plant to clear mucus from the airways, promoting easier breathing. Origanum vulgare's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties further prevent asthma by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the airways, and eases coughing by soothing the irritated tissues.
Furthermore, the plant's ability to soothe throat irritation and protect lungs from further damage makes it an effective treatment for bronchitis and a natural remedy to calm allergies.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Cough
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Sinusitis
- Allergies
- Influenza
- Pneumonia
Urinary System
Origanum vulgare relieve urinary tract infections by its antimicrobial properties, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria that cause UTIs.
It reduce bladder irritation due to its anti-inflammatory properties, which decrease inflammation and alleviate discomfort in the bladder. This plant treat kidney stones by its diuretic properties, which increase urine production and help flush out kidney stones. Origanum vulgare prevent urinary tract problems, including UTIs and kidney stones, by its antioxidant properties, which protect the urinary system from oxidative stress.
Additionally, it cure bladder infections and soothe prostate glands by its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, treat urinary incontinence by its relaxing properties, remove kidney deposits by its diuretic and antioxidant properties, prevent bladder stones by its antioxidant properties, and relieve overactive bladder by its calming properties.
The medicinal benefits of Origanum vulgare on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Urinary tract infection
- Kidney stones
- Prostatitis
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Origanum vulgare?
The therapeutic properties of Origanum vulgare are multifaceted, with its antimicrobial properties attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds and terpenoids, which have been shown to exhibit potent antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Additionally, the antioxidant properties of this plant are due to the presence of flavonoids and saponins, which can neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress, thus protecting against cell damage. The anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties of Origanum vulgare are also noteworthy, as they have been found to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce bacterial load, making it an effective remedy for wound healing and skin infections. Furthermore, the antihistamine and analgesic properties of this plant have been attributed to the presence of carvacrol and thymol, which can alleviate allergic symptoms and pain, respectively.
The antiviral, antifungal, exectorant, and antispasmodic properties of Origanum vulgare, which are due to the presence of volatile oils and other bioactive compounds, make it a valuable natural remedy for a range of health conditions.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Origanum vulgare.
The list below provides more details on why Origanum vulgare has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antimicrobial: Origanum vulgare has been found to exhibit antimicrobial properties, which enable it to inhibit the growth of various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, thereby preventing infections and promoting a healthy environment.
- Antioxidant: The plant Origanum vulgare contains antioxidants, such as rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid, which help to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage, thus contributing to its overall health benefits.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Origanum vulgare has been observed to possess anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and alleviate conditions such as pain, swelling, and redness associated with various diseases and injuries.
- Antiseptic: The plant Origanum vulgare has been traditionally used as an antiseptic, due to its ability to prevent the growth of microorganisms and reduce the risk of infection in wounds and other injuries.
- Antihistamine: Origanum vulgare has been found to possess antihistamine properties, which help to alleviate symptoms associated with allergic reactions, such as itching, redness, and swelling, by inhibiting the release of histamine.
- Analgesic: The plant Origanum vulgare has been traditionally used as an analgesic, due to its ability to reduce pain and alleviate discomfort associated with various conditions, such as headaches and muscle aches.
- Antiviral: Origanum vulgare has been observed to exhibit antiviral properties, which enable it to inhibit the replication of certain viruses, thus preventing the spread of diseases and promoting overall health.
- Antifungal: The plant Origanum vulgare has been found to possess antifungal properties, which help to prevent the growth of fungi and alleviate conditions such as athlete's foot and other fungal infections.
- Expectorant: Origanum vulgare has been traditionally used as an expectorant, due to its ability to thin and loosen mucus, making it easier to cough up and alleviate respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and coughs.
- Antispasmodic: The plant Origanum vulgare has been found to possess antispasmodic properties, which help to relax muscles and alleviate conditions such as cramps, spasms, and muscle tension.
What are the major healing constituents of Origanum vulgare?
The healing constituents of Origanum vulgare are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties.
Carvacrol and thymol, two major components of Origanum vulgare, exhibit antimicrobial and antifungal activities due to their ability to disrupt cell membranes and interfere with enzymatic function. Rosmarinic acid, a polyphenolic compound present in the herb, displays antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in various diseases. Bornyl acetate, a sesquiterpene, has been shown to possess antimicrobial and antiviral activities, while luteolin, a flavonoid, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, contributing to the herb's overall therapeutic potential.
The combination of these constituents in Origanum vulgare makes it a valuable remedy for various health conditions, including digestive issues, respiratory problems, and skin infections.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Origanum vulgare.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Origanum vulgare and why they are important for health.
- Carvacrol: Carvacrol is a phenolic monoterpene with antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties.
- Thymol: Thymol is a phenolic monoterpene with antimicrobial, antiseptic, and antifungal properties.
- Rosmarinic acid: Rosmarinic acid is a polyphenolic diterpenic carboxylic acid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Bornyl acetate: Bornyl acetate is a monoterpene acetate, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
- Luteolin: Luteolin is a flavonoid constituent of Origanum vulgare, characterized by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, and potential anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective effects.
- Linalool: Linalool is an essential oil constituent of Origanum vulgare, known for its antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Caryophyllene oxide: Caryophyllene oxide is a sesquiterpene oxide with anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties.
- Sesquiterpenes: Sesquiterpenes are a class of sesquiterpene constituents found in Origanum vulgare, characterized by their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.
- Apigenin: Apigenin is a flavone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic properties.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids from Origanum vulgare are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial in nature, with potential cardioprotective and anti-cancer effects.
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Origanum vulgare and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Carvacrol | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Pain relief, Gut protective, Anti-ulcer |
| Thymol | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antiplatelet, Antispasmodic, Cicatrizant |
| Rosmarinic acid | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antihistamine, Antiviral, Antiproliferative, Anticancer, Analgesic, Vasodilator, Cardioprotective |
| Bornyl acetate | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anxiolytic |
| Luteolin | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antiviral, Antifungal, Anticancer, Neuroprotective |
| Linalool | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anxiolytic, Sedative, Antispasmodic, Antiviral |
| Caryophyllene oxide | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Sedative |
| Sesquiterpenes | HIGH | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antiviral, Antibacterial, Anticancer, Anticancerogenic, Neuroprotective |
| Apigenin | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Antihistaminic, Anticancer, Antiviral |
| Phenolic acids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Analgesic, Antispasmodic, Antioxidant, Anticancer |
What are the most used parts of Origanum vulgare in medicine?
The most used parts of Origanum vulgare for medicinal purposes are leaves and flowers.
The leaves contain carvacrol, a volatile oil with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and flavonoids like ursolic acid, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. The flowers, rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids, possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with flavonoids like luteolin and kaempferol contributing to their bioactivity. The leaves' primary medicinal properties include antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, while the flowers' properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects.
The bioactive compounds in both parts contribute to Origanum vulgare's traditional use in treating various ailments, including respiratory issues and gastrointestinal disorders.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Origanum vulgare in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Origanum vulgare in medicine and why.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant are rich in essential oils, primarily carvacrol and thymol, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, providing relief from digestive issues, respiratory problems, and skin conditions, and may help reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in flavonoids, particularly ursolic acid and rosmarinic acid, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antispasmodic properties, making them useful for alleviating symptoms of menopause, menstrual cramps, and respiratory issues, and may also help protect against certain cancers and neurodegenerative diseases.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Origanum vulgare mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Leaves | Volatile oils, Flavonoids, Saponins, Rosmarinic acid, Tannins, Phenolic acids, Lignans, Glycosides, Coumarins, Terpenoids |
| Flowers | Sesquiterpenes, Linalool, Camphor, Borneol, Borneol acetate, Thymol, Carvacrol, Phenolic acids, Flavonoids, Iridoids |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Origanum vulgare?
The most common herbal preparation of Origanum vulgare for medicinal purposes are essential oil, which is used topically for skin and wound healing, as well as internally for digestive issues and respiratory problems, such as coughs and colds.
The plant's antiseptic properties are also utilized in the form of a tincture, which is a concentrated liquid solution used to treat various ailments, including infections and inflammation. A salve is another topical preparation that is applied directly to the skin to soothe and protect it, particularly in cases of eczema and minor burns. Origanum vulgare tea is a popular herbal remedy for digestive issues, such as indigestion and bloating, and can also be used to calm the stomach and reduce stress.
Additionally, the plant's medicinal properties are encapsulated in capsule form for convenient consumption, and suppositories are also prepared to treat localized infections and inflammation, particularly in the rectal area.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Origanum vulgare.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Origanum vulgare and what are their main uses.
- Essential Oil: Essential oil made from this plant has antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic properties, used to treat wounds, cold sores, and skin infections, and also as a digestive aid and to alleviate respiratory issues such as coughs and sore throats.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat respiratory issues, digestive problems, and as an antimicrobial agent, also used to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically to treat wounds, skin irritations, and infections, as well as to relieve pain and reduce inflammation.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat digestive issues, colds, bronchitis, and as a urinary tract antiseptic.
- Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat digestive issues, such as bloating, gas, and indigestion, as well as to alleviate menstrual cramps and promote wound healing.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Origanum vulgare for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Essential oil | Leaves, Flowers |
| Tincture | Roots, Leaves, Flowers |
| Salve | Leaves, Roots |
| Tea | Leaves, Roots |
| Capsule | Leaves, Roots |
Essential Oil
Origanum vulgare essential oil is used to treat digestive issues, respiratory problems and skin conditions.
It's a widely used herbal essential oil, commonly found in aromatherapy and traditional medicine. Its common effect is analgesic and antibacterial, making it effective against pain and infection. This oil is primarily extracted from the leaves and flowers of the Origanum vulgare plant.
However, the extraction process is complex and requires expertise to produce high-quality oil, making it a challenging task.
Below you find an image of Origanum vulgare essential oil.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Origanum vulgare essential oil.
- Harvest fresh Origanum vulgare leaves and flowers from a pesticide-free area at the right time of day.
- Dry the harvested leaves and flowers completely in a warm, well-ventilated area to prevent mold and bacterial growth.
- Use a steam distillation apparatus to heat the dried leaves and flowers in a water bath while introducing steam into the distillation chamber.
- Collect the distilled essential oil in a separate container, allowing it to condense and separate from the water and other impurities.
- Filter the collected essential oil through a paper or cloth filter to remove any remaining impurities and achieve a clear, pure oil.
Tincture
Origanum vulgare tincture is a herbal preparation used to treat various health issues.
It is commonly used to alleviate symptoms of insect bites, digestive issues such as bloating and cramps, skin irritation caused by allergies or eczema, cold sores due to its antiviral properties, respiratory issues like bronchitis and asthma, and to aid wound healing. Origanum vulgare tincture is a widely recognized and used remedy.
One common effect of using this preparation is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote relaxation. The preparation is typically made with the roots, leaves, and flowers of the Origanum vulgare plant.
The process of making Origanum vulgare tincture is moderately difficult, requiring a combination of herbal knowledge and equipment to extract the plant's active compounds and preserve them in a liquid form.
Below you find an image of Origanum vulgare tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Origanum vulgare tincture.
- Gather equal quantities of Origanum vulgare roots, leaves, and flowers for tincture preparation.
- Dry and chop the gathered roots, leaves, and flowers to facilitate efficient extraction of their medicinal properties.
- Combine the chopped roots, leaves, and flowers in a clean glass jar to create a uniform mixture.
- Add a solvent, such as high-proof vodka or glycerin, to the mixture in the glass jar to initiate the extraction process.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for several weeks, shaking the jar regularly to enhance the extraction of medicinal compounds from the herbs.
Salve
Origanum vulgare salve is a herbal preparation used to treat various skin issues including wounds, bruises, cuts, insect bites, minor cuts, scrapes, skin irritation, minor burns, and skin ulcers.
It's a common preparation in many traditional medicine practices due to its widespread availability and effectiveness. One common effect of Origanum vulgare salve is its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce the risk of infection and promote healing. The salve is typically made from the leaves and roots of the Origanum vulgare plant, which requires careful harvesting and drying to preserve its active compounds.
However, making Origanum vulgare salve can be a challenging process, as it demands precise ratios of ingredients and careful processing to achieve the desired consistency and potency.
Below you find an image of Origanum vulgare salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Origanum vulgare salve.
- Harvest fresh leaves and roots of Origanum vulgare and clean them thoroughly.
- Combine the harvested leaves and roots in a clean glass jar and cover them with 80-proof vodka or a similar solvent.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-3 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally to ensure even extraction.
- Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into a clean glass container, discarding the solids.
- Mix the resulting liquid with beeswax and coconut oil in a double boiler, heating the mixture until the beeswax melts and the salve thickens.
Tea
Origanum vulgare tea is used to treat respiratory problems such as bronchitis and asthma due to its expectorant properties, and stomach issues like dyspepsia.
It is also used for gastroesophageal reflux, digestive disorders, oral health, inflammatory conditions like arthritis, urinary tract infections, skin issues like eczema and dermatitis, and fungal infections like candidiasis. This preparation is very commonly used in traditional medicine and is a key ingredient in many herbal remedies.
Its most common effect is to stimulate digestion and relieve nausea. Origanum vulgare tea is typically made with the leaves and roots of the plant, which are harvested and then dried to be used as a herbal infusion.
The preparation is relatively easy to make, as the dried leaves and roots can be steeped in hot water to create a tea that can be consumed.
Below you find an image of Origanum vulgare tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Origanum vulgare tea.
- Gather a sufficient amount of fresh or dried Origanum vulgare leaves and roots.
- Rinse the leaves and roots with clean water to remove any impurities.
- Combine the leaves and roots in a heat-resistant container, such as a teapot or infuser.
- Pour boiling water over the leaves and roots, and let it steep for a few minutes.
- Strain the tea and serve it hot, or let it cool to enjoy at room temperature.
Capsule
Origanum vulgare capsule is a preparation made from the leaves and roots of the oregano plant, commonly used to treat a variety of health issues including digestive problems, wound healing, inflammation, respiratory issues, immune system imbalances, skin conditions, anxiety, fungal infections, stress, and cold sores.
It's a widely used preparation, found in many herbal remedies due to its effectiveness. The common effect of taking Origanum vulgare capsule is the relief of symptoms associated with the conditions it's used to treat. This preparation is typically made from the dried leaves and roots of the oregano plant, which are then encapsulated for easy consumption.
The process of making Origanum vulgare capsule is considered moderately difficult, requiring some knowledge of herbal preparation and equipment.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Origanum vulgare capsule.
- Dry the leaves and roots of Origanum vulgare in a well-ventilated area to preserve their potency.
- Grind the dried leaves and roots into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or a spice grinder.
- Mix the ground leaves and roots in a specific ratio to achieve the desired herbal composition.
- Fill gelatin or vegetarian capsules with the mixed herbal powder, making sure not to overfill them.
- Seal the capsules and store them in a cool, dark place to maintain their freshness and effectiveness.
What are the possible side effects of Origanum vulgare if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Origanum vulgare are experience gastrointestinal upset, develop allergic reactions, and interact with medications, potentially leading to adverse health consequences.
These adverse effects can further provoke respiratory distress, particularly in individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions. Additionally, the improper use of Origanum vulgare can cause uterine contractions, exacerbate peptic ulcers, and trigger migraine headaches in some individuals. Furthermore, improper use may induce photosensitivity, causing an abnormal skin reaction upon exposure to sunlight, and in severe cases, cause liver damage, compromising the liver's ability to detoxify the body.
Furthermore, this improper use can affect blood clotting, increasing the risk of bruising and bleeding.
The most common side effects Origanum vulgare gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experience Gastrointestinal Upset: Ingestion of Origanum vulgare causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
- Develop Allergic Reactions: Skin, mucous membranes, and respiratory tract react with symptoms such as hives, itching, and difficulty breathing.
- Interact With Medications: Origanum vulgare extracts may interact with blood thinners, diabetes medications, and other medications, affecting their efficacy and increasing the risk of bleeding.
- Provoke Respiratory Distress: Inhalation of Origanum vulgare essential oil causes constriction of bronchial airways, reducing airflow.
- Cause Uterine Contractions: Origanum vulgare extracts induce strong uterine contractions
- Exacerbate Peptic Ulcers: Origanum vulgare essential oil contains thymol which irritates stomach lining exacerbating pre-existing peptic ulcers
- Trigger Migraine Headaches: Origanum vulgare essential oil can cause phototoxicity and trigger migraine headaches in some individuals.
- Induce Photosensitivity: Origanum vulgare induces an abnormal skin reaction to sunlight, leading to increased risk of sunburn.
- Cause Liver Damage: Origanum vulgare essential oil induces liver injury due to high levels of thymol and carvacrol.
- Affect Blood Clotting: Origanum vulgare inhibits platelet aggregation, affecting blood clotting.
What are the precautions to take before using Origanum vulgare medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Origanum vulgare medicinally are consulting a healthcare professional to determine the safe and effective dosage.
Follow proper dosing to avoid toxicity, as excessive consumption may lead to liver function issues that should be monitored, especially in individuals with pre-existing liver conditions. Pregnant women should avoid using Origanum vulgare medicinally, as it may stimulate the uterus and induce labor. Additionally, breastfeeding women should also avoid its use, as it may pass into breast milk and cause allergic reactions, including skin sensitivity in some individuals.
Interactions with medications, such as blood thinners, may occur, and gastrointestinal side effects, like nausea and diarrhea, are possible, and individuals with kidney impairment should use it with caution.
The most important precautions you must take before using Origanum vulgare for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional: Origanum vulgare may interact with medications, including blood thinners, diabetes medications, and blood pressure medications.
- Follow Proper Dosing: Ingesting excessive amounts of Origanum vulgare can cause gastrointestinal upset.
- Monitor Liver Function: Origanum vulgare may cause increased levels of liver enzymes in some individuals.
- Avoid During Pregnancy: It is not recommended due to potential estrogenic effects
- Avoid During Breastfeeding: Origanum vulgare may decrease milk supply and affect infant through breast milk.
- Interact With Medications: Origanum vulgare may interact with antacids, blood thinners, diabetes medications, and other medications, altering their effectiveness or increasing the risk of side effects.
- Allergic Reactions Possible: Contact dermatitis and other skin reactions occur in some individuals due to sesquiterpene lactones and phenolic compounds present in the plant.
- Gastrointestinal Side Effects: Dyspepsia, diarrhea, and abdominal pain occur due to Origanum vulgare's essential oil causing gastrointestinal irritation.
- Kidney Impairment: Origanum vulgare essential oil may exacerbate existing kidney problems in individuals with pre-existing kidney disease.
- Skin Sensitivity: Essential oils from Origanum vulgare can cause skin irritation, contact dermatitis and allergic reactions in some individuals.
