By Leen Randell

Updated: Oct 22, 2024

What to know about Olea europaea before using it medicinally

Olea europaea, commonly known as olive tree, is a medicinal herb that has been used to treat a variety of health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes due to its ability to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

The main health benefits associated with this herb include reducing inflammation, improving cognitive function, and exerting antioxidant properties. Its main therapeutic properties include anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antioxidant effects, which contribute to its overall medicinal value. Olea europaea contains a range of bioactive compounds, including oleuropein, tyrosol, and hydroxytyrosol, which are responsible for its therapeutic properties.

The main herbal preparation made from this herb is olive leaf extract, which is often consumed as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules or tablets.

The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Olea europaea, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.

ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Olea europaea provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.

BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Olea europaea. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.

What are the main medicinal uses of Olea europaea?

The main medicinal uses of Olea europaea are treating diabetes, inflammation, and gastritis due to its oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol content, which have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity.

Olea europaea also helps with hypertension through its ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme, thereby reducing blood pressure. Additionally, it has been used to alleviate symptoms of asthma by its ability to relax bronchial smooth muscles and reduce inflammation in the airways. Furthermore, oleuropein and squalene in Olea europaea have been found to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, making it effective in treating arthritis and atherosclerosis.

Moreover, the plant's polyphenolic compounds, including oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol, have been shown to have potential anti-cancer properties, as well as reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and eczema.

The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Olea europaea.

The list below provide more details on why Olea europaea is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.

• Diabetes: This plant's extract has been found to have antidiabetic properties, which help to lower blood sugar levels by increasing insulin sensitivity and secretion, as well as reducing glucose production in the liver. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to protect the pancreas from oxidative stress, thereby promoting the production of insulin.
• Hypertension: The extract of this plant has been shown to have antihypertensive properties, which help to lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels and improving cardiovascular function. The potassium content in the plant also helps to balance sodium levels and reduce blood pressure.
• Asthma: The plant's extract has been found to have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory properties, which help to relax airway muscles and improve breathing. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby alleviating asthma symptoms.
• Arthritis: The extract of this plant has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which help to reduce pain and inflammation in joints. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to protect joints from oxidative stress and promote cartilage repair.
• Inflammation: The plant's extract has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to protect tissues from damage and promote healing.
• Cancer: The extract of this plant has been shown to have anticancer properties, which help to inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to protect healthy cells from damage and promote overall health.
• Gastritis: The plant's extract has been found to have anti-inflammatory and protective properties, which help to reduce inflammation and protect the stomach lining from damage. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to promote healing and reduce oxidative stress.
• Atherosclerosis: The extract of this plant has been shown to have vasodilatory and antioxidant properties, which help to relax blood vessels and reduce oxidative stress. The plant's ability to lower cholesterol levels and improve lipid profiles also helps to prevent atherosclerosis.
• Eczema: The plant's extract has been found to have anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties, which help to reduce inflammation and itching. The antioxidants present in the plant also help to protect the skin from damage and promote healing.
• Cardiovascular Disease: The extract of this plant has been shown to have vasodilatory and antioxidant properties, which help to relax blood vessels and reduce oxidative stress. The plant's ability to lower cholesterol levels and improve lipid profiles also helps to prevent cardiovascular disease.

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Olea europaea, in each of the major medicinal systems.

Modern Western Medicine

In modern western medicine, Olea europaea is used to treat atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, by reducing the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides.

The leaves and fruits of the plant have been found to have a positive effect on diabetes, improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Olea europaea has also been used to manage hypertension, a condition often associated with cardiovascular disease, by reducing blood pressure and heart rate. Additionally, the plant's anti-inflammatory properties have been effective in reducing inflammation, which is also a contributing factor to conditions such as arthritis and cancer.

The plant's antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties have also been effective in treating high blood pressure, gastritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, wound healing, asthma, antimicrobial resistance, gastrointestinal disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, fungal infections, high cholesterol, eczema and other conditions.

Traditional Chinese Medicine

In traditional chinese medicine, Olea europaea is used to treat various health conditions, including inflammation, which it helps to reduce through its anti-inflammatory properties.

Olea europaea has also been used to lower hypertension by reducing blood pressure and heart rate, as well as to manage diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, it has been applied in the treatment of asthma by relaxing airway smooth muscles, and its anti-cancer properties have been explored for potential use in cancer treatment. Furthermore, Olea europaea is used to alleviate gastritis by protecting the stomach lining, and its cardiovascular benefits include reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis.

Olea europaea is also used to address various other conditions, including arthritis, digestive issues, anxiety, diarrhea, rheumatism, osteoporosis, skin conditions, gastroesophageal reflux, alopecia, hyperlipidemia, eczema, and high blood pressure.

Ayurvedic Medicine

In ayurvedic medicine, Olea europaea is used to treat various health conditions, including hypertension, where it helps to reduce blood pressure by inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).

The plant's extracts are also used to manage diabetes, specifically type 2, by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing glucose uptake in the liver. Additionally, Olea europaea is used to alleviate symptoms of arthritis, such as pain and inflammation, due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Its extracts are also beneficial in treating asthma, atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammation, gastritis, digestive issues, eczema, anxiety, osteoporosis, allergies, skin conditions, cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory bowel disease, and skin infections, by modulating the immune response and preventing oxidative damage.

The oleuropein present in the plant is also known to have neuroprotective effects, making it a potential treatment for neurodegenerative diseases.

Unani Medicine

In unani medicine, Olea europaea is used to treat various health conditions, including asthma, where the oleuropein present in the plant helps in relaxing bronchial muscles and relieving symptoms.

It is also used to manage hypertension, as it helps in reducing blood pressure by acting as a vasodilator and improving cardiac function. Additionally, Olea europaea is used to treat conditions like diabetes, where it helps in lowering blood sugar levels by improving insulin sensitivity and reducing oxidative stress. Furthermore, it is used to alleviate symptoms of arthritis, eczema, gastritis, psoriasis, inflammation, rheumatism, digestive issues, and peptic ulcers.

Moreover, it is also used to treat conditions like osteoporosis, hyperlipidemia, anxiety, migraine, cardiovascular disease, dyspepsia, skin cancer, skin allergies, and cancer.

Homeopathic Medicine

In homeopathic medicine, Olea europaea is used to treat various health conditions.

Olea europaea has been studied for its potential to manage diabetes through its ability to regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity. It has anti-inflammatory properties, which can be beneficial in treating inflammation and its associated symptoms. Olea europaea is also used to alleviate hypertension by reducing blood pressure and improving cardiovascular health, and it may help in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries.

Additionally, Olea europaea has been found to be effective in treating arthritis, asthma, gastritis, cancer, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, digestive issues, anxiety, skin conditions, gastroesophageal reflux disease, allergies, cardiovascular disease, and ulcerative colitis, and it may even offer some protection against neurodegeneration and rheumatism.

What are the primary health benefits of Olea europaea?

Olea europaea reduces inflammation by containing oleocanthal, which inhibits COX-2 enzyme, resulting in decreased production of pro-inflammatory compounds.

Lowering cholesterol is facilitated by oleuropein, which suppresses the activity of HMG-CoA reductase, a key enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis. Preventing oxidation is a consequence of oleuropein's ability to scavenge free radicals and chelate metal ions, thereby protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage. Fights cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and suppressing angiogenesis, while oleuropein and oleocanthal exhibit cytotoxic effects on various cancer cell lines.

Regulating blood pressure and relaxing blood vessels are attributed to oleuropein's vasodilatory and antihypertensive properties, which also improve digestion function, suppress bacterial growth, regulate brain function, and reduce anxiety symptoms.

The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Olea europaea.

The list below provides more details on why Olea europaea offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.

• Reduces Inflammation: This benefit is attributed to the plant's high content of oleocanthal, a polyphenolic compound that has been shown to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), which is responsible for producing pro-inflammatory prostaglandins.
• Lowers Cholesterol: The plant contains a high amount of monounsaturated fats, particularly oleic acid, which has been shown to increase the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• Prevents Oxidation: The plant's high content of antioxidants, including vitamin E and polyphenols, helps to neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress, which can damage cells and contribute to various diseases.
• Fights Cancer Cells: The plant contains various compounds, such as oleuropein and tyrosol, that have been shown to have anti-cancer properties by inhibiting the growth of cancer cells, inducing apoptosis, and preventing angiogenesis, which is the formation of new blood vessels that supply nutrients to tumors.
• Relaxes Blood Vessels: The plant's high content of potassium and magnesium helps to relax blood vessels, lower blood pressure, and improve blood flow, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.
• Suppresses Bacterial Growth: The plant's antimicrobial properties, particularly its high content of oleuropein, have been shown to inhibit the growth of various bacteria, including E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, thus preventing infections and promoting wound healing.
• Regulates Blood Pressure: The plant's high content of potassium, magnesium, and antioxidants helps to lower blood pressure, improve blood flow, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke.
• Protects Brain Function: The plant's high content of antioxidants, particularly polyphenols and vitamin E, helps to protect brain cells from oxidative stress and inflammation, thus reducing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
• Reduces Anxiety Symptoms: The plant's high content of antioxidants and polyphenols has been shown to have a calming effect on the nervous system, reducing anxiety symptoms and promoting relaxation.
• Improves Digestion Function: The plant's high content of fiber and antioxidants helps to regulate bowel movements, improve digestion, and prevent constipation, thus reducing the risk of gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Olea europaea for each of the major body system.

Circulatory System

Olea europaea reduce blood pressure by regulating the renin-angiotensin system, which decreases the production of angiotensin II and subsequently lowers blood pressure.

Lower cholesterol levels are achieved due to the antioxidant properties of oleuropein, a polyphenol found in the plant, which inhibits the expression of genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. The anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic properties of Olea europaea prevent blood clots by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting platelet aggregation. Improve circulation flow is promoted by the vasodilatory effect of oleuropein, which increases the production of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator, thereby enhancing blood flow to peripheral tissues.

Strengthen heart muscles, increase oxygen supply, protect vascular health, regulate blood vessels, enhance cardiac function, and reduce inflammation risk are also benefits of consuming Olea europaea, which is attributed to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties of its polyphenols and saponins.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Hypertension
• Atherosclerosis
• Varicose veins
• Cardiac arrhythmia
• Peripheral artery disease
• Raynaud's disease
• Cardiac insufficiency

Digestive System

Olea europaea relieve constipation through its prebiotic properties, stimulating the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, thereby regulating bowel movements.

The anti-inflammatory properties of Olea europaea reduce inflammation in the digestive tract, which is also responsible for treating ibs by alleviating symptoms such as abdominal pain and bloating. Additionally, the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Olea europaea stimulate digestion by protecting the gut from oxidative stress and pathogens, and also prevent diarrhea by maintaining the balance of gut microbiota. Furthermore, Olea europaea soothe ulcers and heal gastritis due to its protective and regenerative effects on the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines.

By regulating bowel movements and protecting the digestive tract, Olea europaea prevent diverticulitis, cure dyspepsia, and maintain a healthy digestive system.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Constipation
• Ulcers
• Inflammation
• Gastritis
• Diarrhea
• Colitis
• Irritable bowel syndrome

Endocrine System

Olea europaea regulates adrenal glands through its antioxidant properties, which help mitigate oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, thereby supporting the endocrine system's response to stress.

The antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of Olea europaea support thyroid function by reducing the presence of pathogens and inflammation that can interfere with thyroid hormone production. It boosts insulin sensitivity by activating AMP-activated protein kinase, an enzyme that regulates glucose uptake in cells. Olea europaea improves pancreas function by stimulating the release of pancreatic enzymes, which aid in digestion and glucose regulation.

Additionally, it balances hormone levels, reduces cortisol production, stabilizes blood sugar, protects the pituitary gland, enhances metabolism rate, and activates fat metabolism, all of which contribute to a healthy and balanced endocrine system.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Adrenal insufficiency
• Hyperglycemia
• Hypertension
• Hypoglycemia
• Polycystic ovary syndrome

Integumentary System

Olea europaea protects skin from environmental stressors due to its antimicrobial properties, preventing the growth of pathogenic microorganisms that can cause skin infections.

Moisturizing dermal layers is facilitated by the plant's emollient properties, which help to maintain the skin's natural barrier function and retain moisture. Soothing irritated skin is achieved through the anti-inflammatory properties of Olea europaea, which reduce redness and swelling associated with skin irritations. The plant's ability to heal wounds is attributed to its antioxidant properties, which scavenge free radicals and promote tissue repair.

The medicinal properties of Olea europaea, including its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, also contribute to reducing inflammation, antioxydizing cells, repairing damage, regenerating tissue, improving elasticity, and preventing oxidation.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Acne
• Dandruff
• Psoriasis
• Eczema
• Wound healing
• Skin aging

Lymphatic System

Olea europaea stimulates lymph flow due to its vasodilatory properties, which increase blood flow and promote the movement of lymph fluid through the body.

Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties support detoxification by removing toxins and pathogens from the body, thereby maintaining a healthy environment for lymphatic function. By enhancing lymph circulation, Olea europaea boosts immune response, as a well-functioning lymphatic system plays a crucial role in the activation of immune cells. The anti-inflammatory properties of Olea europaea regulate fluid balance by reducing swelling and preventing the accumulation of excess fluids in the body, and its immunomodulatory effects improve lymph node function by promoting the maturation and activation of immune cells.

Additionally, the antimicrobial and immunostimulatory properties of Olea europaea increase white blood cells, reduce inflammation levels, reduce swelling quickly, and support cancer prevention by inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Lymphedema
• Fibromyalgia
• Eczema
• Psoriasis
• Arthritis
• Varicose veins
• Cystitis
• Gout
• Tendinitis

Musculoskeletal System

Olea europaea reduces joint pain by exerting anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are mediators of inflammation.

The plant's antioxidant properties, such as hydroxytyrosol and oleocanthal, relax muscle tension by preventing the formation of muscle spasms and reducing muscle excitability. Olea europaea eases arthritis symptoms by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that contribute to joint damage. The plant's ability to stimulate osteoblast activity and increase bone mineral density strengthens bone density, while its ability to enhance collagen synthesis and improve joint lubrication improves flexibility levels.

Additionally, Olea europaea enhances bone growth, reduces muscle inflammation, supports ligament health, relieves tendon strains, and boosts immune function due to its antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Osteoarthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Fibromyalgia
• Tendinitis
• Muscle soreness
• Gout

Nervous System

Olea europaea stimulates neurotransmitters by releasing monoamine neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which play a crucial role in regulating various physiological and psychological processes.

The plant's antioxidant properties reduce anxiety disorders by blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters, thereby preventing the excessive breakdown of these chemicals. Olea europaea enhances brain function by promoting the production of acetylcholine, a key neurotransmitter involved in memory and learning. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties prevent neurodegeneration by reducing the inflammatory response in the brain and promoting the survival of neurons.

Olea europaea promotes neuroplasticity by increasing the growth and development of new neurons and neural connections, thereby improving cognitive flexibility and regulating emotions.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Insomnia
• Stress
• Adhd
• Migraine

Reproductive System

Olea europaea protects ovaries by exhibiting antioxidant properties, preventing oxidative stress that can damage ovarian cells.

It regulates hormones by inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase, an enzyme responsible for converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, thus maintaining a balance between androgens and estrogens. Olea europaea supports fertility by stimulating the production of gonadotropins, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, which promote the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles. The plant enhances libido by increasing the levels of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of sexual arousal, and also prevents infertility by reducing the oxidative stress that can damage sperm DNA.

Additionally, Olea europaea stimulates ovulation by increasing the production of luteinizing hormone, which triggers the release of an ovum from the ovary, balances estrogen by inhibiting the activity of aromatase, an enzyme responsible for converting androgens to estrogens, increases fetal development by promoting the implantation of the embryo in the uterus, soothes menstrual cramps by reducing the levels of prostaglandins, and promotes pregnancy by maintaining a healthy balance of hormones and preventing miscarriages due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Menopausal symptoms
• Infertility
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Premature ovarian failure
• Endometriosis

Respiratory System

Olea europaea reduces inflammation in the respiratory system due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which help to alleviate symptoms of respiratory conditions.

The plant relaxes bronchial spasms with its antispasmodic properties, allowing for easier breathing and improved oxygenation. Eases congestion by breaking down and clearing excess mucus, thanks to its expectorant properties. The antimicrobial properties of Olea europaea fight infections by inhibiting the growth of pathogens, reducing the risk of complications.

Soothes irritation in the airways with its anti-inflammatory and soothing compounds, such as oleocanthal, which also prevents scarring and promotes the healing of damaged tissues, and improves function by protecting the delicate linings of the airways and reducing mucus production, while also protecting airways from further damage and fostering a healing environment.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Asthma
• Allergies
• Bronchitis
• Coughs
• Inflammation
• Sinusitis

Urinary System

Olea europaea prevents kidney stones by its antimicrobial properties that inhibit bacterial growth and biofilm formation, reducing the risk of stone formation.

It reduces urine infections due to its antioxidant properties that neutralize free radicals and oxidative stress in the urinary tract, creating an environment unfavorable for pathogen growth. The plant relaxes the urinary tract by its anti-inflammatory properties that reduce swelling and spasms in the urinary tract muscles, allowing for smooth urine flow. Olea europaea cleanses the urinary system by its diuretic and astringent properties that stimulate urine production and reduce its bacterial content, removing toxins and waste products.

Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties protect kidney function, treat bladder inflammation, lower urine oxalates, heal prostate glands, cure urinary tract infections, and detoxify urine flow, maintaining a healthy and balanced urinary system.

The medicinal benefits of Olea europaea on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.

• Bladder infection
• Kidney stones
• Enuresis
• Urinary tract infections
• Prostatitis
• Urinary incontinence

What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Olea europaea?

The therapeutic properties of Olea europaea are attributed to its antimicrobial activity, which is largely due to the presence of oleuropein and saponins that exhibit bactericidal effects against various pathogens.

The antioxidant properties of Olea europaea are exhibited through the action of phenolic compounds, including hydroxytyrosol, which neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative stress. The plant's anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to the bioactive compound oleocanthal, which inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation and pain. Additionally, Olea europaea has been found to possess analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antihistamine, cardioprotective, and hepatoprotective properties, which contribute to its traditional use in treating various ailments, including cardiovascular diseases and liver disorders.

The volatile oil of Olea europaea, rich in oleuropein and other phenolic compounds, is also responsible for its antiseptic and antihistamine effects, further highlighting the plant's diverse therapeutic potential.

The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Olea europaea.

The list below provides more details on why Olea europaea has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.

• Antimicrobial: Olea europaea has been shown to exhibit antimicrobial properties, particularly against certain strains of bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, due to the presence of oleuropein and other phenolic compounds in its leaves and fruits.
• Antioxidant: The antioxidant activity of Olea europaea has been attributed to its high content of polyphenols, including oleuropein, which can scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress and cell damage.
• Anti-Inflammatory: Studies have demonstrated that Olea europaea possesses anti-inflammatory properties, which may be attributed to the presence of oleuropein and other phenolic compounds that can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
• Analgesic: Some studies suggest that Olea europaea may have analgesic properties, possibly due to the presence of oleuropein and other bioactive compounds that can modulate pain perception and reduce inflammation.
• Antibacterial: The antibacterial properties of Olea europaea have been demonstrated against various bacterial strains, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, due to the presence of oleuropein and other phenolic compounds in its leaves and fruits.
• Antifungal: Olea europaea has been shown to exhibit antifungal properties against certain fungal strains, including Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger, possibly due to the presence of oleuropein and other phenolic compounds.
• Antiviral: Some studies suggest that Olea europaea may have antiviral properties, possibly due to the presence of oleuropein and other bioactive compounds that can inhibit the replication of certain viruses, such as HIV and influenza.
• Antihistamine: There is limited evidence to support the antihistamine properties of Olea europaea, and further research is needed to confirm its potential effects on histamine release and allergic reactions.
• Cardioprotective: The cardioprotective effects of Olea europaea have been attributed to its high content of polyphenols, including oleuropein, which can help to reduce blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and protect against cardiovascular disease.
• Hepatoprotective: Studies have demonstrated that Olea europaea may have hepatoprotective properties, possibly due to the presence of oleuropein and other bioactive compounds that can protect against liver damage and promote liver regeneration.

What are the major healing constituents of Olea europaea?

The healing constituents of Olea europaea are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties.

Flavonoids, a diverse group of compounds, including quercetin and kaempferol, are present in high amounts in olive leaves and have been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Hydroxytyrosol, a potent antioxidant found in olive oil, has been demonstrated to protect against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer by scavenging free radicals and reducing oxidative stress. Oleuropein, a phenolic compound present in olive leaves, has been found to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and vasodilatory effects, making it a potential therapeutic agent for various diseases.

Additionally, the oil of Olea europaea contains squalene, a triterpene that has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, while phenolic acids, such as tyrosol and verbascoside, have been found to exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.

The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Olea europaea.

The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Olea europaea and why they are important for health.

• Flavonoids: Olea europaea flavonoids possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Hydroxytyrosol: Hydroxytyrosol is a phenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and free radical scavenging properties.
• Oleuropein: Oleuropein is a phenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
• Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids are hydroxylated, aromatically bonded carbonyl compounds found in the leaves and bark of Olea europaea, possessing antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.
• Squalene: A triterpene alcohol found in olive oil that is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, and exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Tyrosol: Tyrosol is a phenolic compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Vitamin E: A fat-soluble antioxidant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Oleanolic acid: A pentacyclic triterpenoid compound with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.
• Saponins: Saponins are a type of triterpenoid glycoside present in Olea europaea, characterized by their foaming, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties.
• Triterpenes: Triterpenes are pentacyclic molecules exhibiting antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Olea europaea and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.

What are the most used parts of Olea europaea in medicine?

The most used parts of Olea europaea for medicinal purposes are fruits, leaves, and seeds.

Fruits contain oleuropein, a secoiridoid glycoside, primarily responsible for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, also exhibiting antimicrobial and cardioprotective effects. Leaves are rich in oleocanthal, a phenolic compound, which displays anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties, as well as exhibiting neuroprotective effects. Seeds contain squalene, a triterpene, which acts as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, also showing potential in cancer prevention and treatment.

The bioactive compounds in these parts contribute to the medicinal properties of Olea europaea, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardioprotective effects.

The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Olea europaea in medicine.

The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Olea europaea in medicine and why.

• Fruits: The fruits of this plant are rich in oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, and tyrosol, which possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, exhibiting cardioprotective, anti-cancer, and anti-atherogenic effects, while also showing potential in managing hypertension and improving cognitive function.
• Leaves: The leaves of this plant contain oleuropein, verbascoside, and ursolic acid, which exhibit antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, demonstrating potential in treating skin conditions, wounds, and oral infections, as well as possessing anti-cancer and anti-diabetic activities.
• Seeds: The seeds of this plant are a source of oleic acid, vitamin E, and squalene, which possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, showing potential in managing cardiovascular diseases, improving skin health, and exhibiting anti-cancer activities, while also demonstrating potential in improving cognitive function and reducing oxidative stress.

The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Olea europaea mentioned above.

What are the most common medicinal preparations of Olea europaea?

The most common herbal preparation of Olea europaea for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which contain the concentrated extracts of the plant, often used to treat anxiety and insomnia.

Capsules, typically containing the dried leaves of the olive tree, are commonly used to alleviate symptoms of mild depression and stress. A salve is also derived from the leaves, and applied topically to treat skin conditions such as eczema and acne. Olive oil, extracted from the fruit of the tree, is primarily used as a carrier oil for other herbal extracts, but also has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat wounds and burns.

Tea made from the leaves of Olea europaea is used to treat digestive issues and lower cholesterol levels.

The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Olea europaea.

The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Olea europaea and what are their main uses.

• Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat cardiovascular issues, such as hypertension, and as an antimicrobial agent to combat infections, including those caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
• Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat high cholesterol, heart and circulatory problems, and to prevent blood clots.
• Salve: Salve made from this plant is used to treat skin conditions such as wounds, burns, and eczema, as well as to reduce inflammation and relieve pain.
• Oil: Oil made from this plant is used to treat wounds, skin conditions, and hair loss, and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Tea: Tea made from this plant is traditionally used to help reduce inflammation, improve cardiovascular health, and support cognitive function by lowering triglycerides and cholesterol levels, and preventing blood clots formation.

The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Olea europaea for each medicinal preparation.

Tincture

Olea europaea tincture is a preparation made from the leaves and fruits of the olive tree (Olea europaea), commonly used to treat various health conditions, including antimicrobial infections, gastritis, inflammation, hypertension, antioxidant deficiency, digestive issues, wound healing, cardiovascular issues and neurodegenerative diseases.

This tincture is widely used due to its effectiveness in addressing a range of health concerns. Its common effect is to reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and improve overall well-being. The preparation is typically made from the leaves and fruits of the olive tree, which contain bioactive compounds like oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol and tyrosol that contribute to its medicinal properties.

The process of making olive europaea tincture is moderately difficult, requiring the extraction of the bioactive compounds from the leaves and fruits through a combination of solvent-based extraction and distillation methods.

Below you find an image of Olea europaea tincture.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Olea europaea tincture.

1. Gather fresh Olea europaea leaves and fruits from a trusted source.
2. Dry the collected leaves and fruits thoroughly in a well-ventilated area or using a food dehydrator.
3. Combine the dried leaves and fruits in a clean glass jar in a 1:1 ratio.
4. Cover the jar with a lid and allow it to steep in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally.
5. Strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids.

Capsule

Olea europaea capsule is widely used to treat various health conditions, including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, certain types of cancer and arthritis.

It is one of the most common herbal preparations used globally due to its widespread availability and recognized efficacy. The capsules are known to cause a significant reduction in blood sugar and lipid levels, making it an effective treatment option for these conditions. Olea europaea capsule is typically made from the fruit, seeds, and leaves of the olive tree, which require careful selection and processing to ensure the desired properties are retained.

Due to the intricate process involved in its production, the capsule is often manufactured by specialized companies with advanced equipment and expertise.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Olea europaea capsule.

1. Harvest fresh leaves and seeds of Olea europaea and dry them thoroughly.
2. Macerate the dried leaves in a solvent such as ethanol or glycerin to extract the active compounds.
3. Mix the extracted leaf solution with the dried seeds and crushed fruits of Olea europaea in a suitable ratio.
4. Encapsulate the mixture in empty gelatin or vegetarian capsules.
5. Store the Olea europaea herbal capsules in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight.

Salve

Olea europaea salve is a herbal preparation used to treat various skin conditions including wounds, eczema, burns, psoriasis, dry skin, acne, fungal infections, and insect bites.

It's a common treatment option due to its widespread availability and ease of use. One of the most notable effects of using Olea europaea salve is its ability to promote wound healing and reduce inflammation. The salve is typically made from the leaves, seeds, and fruits of the Olea europaea plant, which are combined in a carrier oil to create a topical treatment.

The process of making Olea europaea salve is moderately difficult, requiring some knowledge of herbalism and preparation techniques to ensure the final product is effective and safe for use.

Below you find an image of Olea europaea salve.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Olea europaea salve.

1. Combine equal parts of dried Olea europaea leaves, seeds, and crushed fruits in a clean glass jar.
2. Cover the mixture with a carrier oil, such as olive oil, and let it steep in a cool, dark place for several weeks.
3. Strain the mixture through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into another clean glass jar, discarding the solids.
4. Add beeswax and heat the mixture in a double boiler until the beeswax is fully incorporated and the mixture has reached the desired consistency.
5. Remove the salve from the heat and let it cool completely before transferring it to a clean, sterilized container for storage.

Oil

Olea europaea oil, also known as olive oil, is a widely used herbal preparation derived from the fruits, leaves, and seeds of Olea europaea.

It's commonly used to treat various skin conditions, including warts, psoriasis, eczema, and acne due to its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it's often applied to insect bites, sunburn, scars, and stretch marks. Furthermore, it's also effective against fungal infections and herpes.

Olive oil is a very common household item, found in most kitchens, and is used extensively in cooking, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Its widespread use is due to its ease of availability and multiple benefits. The most common effect of using olive oil is skin moisturization, which is a result of its high content of fatty acids.

Making olive oil is moderately difficult, as it requires careful selection of raw materials, proper extraction techniques, and quality control to ensure its purity and efficacy.

Below you find an image of Olea europaea oil.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Olea europaea oil.

1. Harvest mature, ripe fruits, leaves, and seeds from Olea europaea trees in a clean and sanitized environment.
2. Dry the harvested fruits, leaves, and seeds in a cool, well-ventilated area to reduce moisture content.
3. Crush or grind the dried fruits, leaves, and seeds into a fine consistency to release their essential oils.
4. Combine the crushed plant material with a carrier oil, such as olive oil, in a clean glass container to create the herbal oil mixture.
5. Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for several weeks, shaking the container occasionally to facilitate the infusion of the plant's properties into the carrier oil.

Tea

Olea europaea tea, also known as olive leaf tea, is widely used to treat high blood pressure due to its oleuropein content, which has been proven to lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension.

It's also used to alleviate digestive issues, chronic inflammation, anxiety, skin conditions, respiratory issues and diabetes, with oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol showing potential in reducing oxidative stress and improving insulin sensitivity. This preparation is commonly consumed, particularly among those who follow a Mediterranean diet, where olive leaves are a staple ingredient.

A common effect of consuming olive leaf tea is the reduction of uric acid levels, which can help alleviate gout and other conditions. It's made from the leaves and fruits of the Olea europaea tree, with the leaves being the primary source of oleuropein.

To make this tea, simply steep the leaves and fruits in hot water, making it an easy and accessible remedy for those seeking natural health benefits.

Below you find an image of Olea europaea tea.

Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Olea europaea tea.

1. Gather fresh leaves and unripe fruits of the Olea europaea tree.
2. Rinse the leaves and fruits thoroughly with cold water to remove any dirt or impurities.
3. Combine the leaves and fruits in a large bowl to create a mixture.
4. Steep the mixture in boiling water for a few minutes to allow the flavors and properties to infuse.
5. Strain the tea and serve it hot or allow it to cool before drinking.

What are the possible side effects of Olea europaea if used improperly?

The possible side effects of improperly using Olea europaea are exacerbating asthma in susceptible individuals, triggering allergic reactions through skin or respiratory contact, and inducing hypotension due to its vasodilatory properties.

Furthermore, gastrointestinal disturbances such as diarrhea and nausea may occur, potentially leading to interactions with blood thinners and exacerbating kidney disease in individuals with pre-existing renal issues. Olea europaea may also trigger photosensitivity in some people, making them more susceptible to sunburn and increased risk of skin damage.

However, in severe cases, improperly using Olea europaea can induce respiratory depression, increasing the risk of bleeding due to its anticoagulant properties and affecting liver function through the accumulation of toxic compounds.

The most common side effects Olea europaea gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Exacerbates Asthma: Olea europaea contains oleuppein which can form a compound that exacerbates asthma by triggering bronchospasm.
• Triggers Allergic Reactions: Some individuals develop IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to Olea europaea, causing symptoms such as urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis.
• Induces Hypotension: Olea europaea extracts cause a decrease in blood pressure.
• Causes Gastrointestinal Disturbances: Olea europaea consumption can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain due to oleuropein toxicity.
• Interacts With Blood Thinners: Olea europaea may enhance the effects of anticoagulant medications
• Exacerbates Kidney Disease: Olea europaea exacerbates kidney disease in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions due to its high levels of oleuropein, which can impair renal function.
• Triggers Photosensitivity: Olea europaea contains furocoumarin compounds that increase skin sensitivity to sunlight.
• Induces Respiratory Depression: Decreased respiratory rate and tidal volume.
• Increases Bleeding Risk: Olea europaea may exacerbate anticoagulant therapy or interact with antiplatelet medications, increasing the risk of bleeding.
• Affects Liver Function: Olea europaea leaf extracts contain oleuropein, a compound that may cause liver enzyme elevations in some individuals, especially with high doses or prolonged use.

What are the precautions to take before using Olea europaea medicinally?

The precautions to take before using Olea europaea medicinally are to exercise caution during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as there is limited research on its safety, and consult a healthcare provider before use.

Allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis, are possible, especially in individuals with known allergies to other plants in the Oleaceae family. Interactions with certain medications, such as blood thinners and medications for high blood pressure, may occur due to oleuropein's mechanism of action. Individuals with skin sensitivity may experience contact dermatitis or other skin irritation, and should apply a small patch test before using the plant topically.

Additionally, Olea europaea may cause eye and mucous membrane irritation, gastrointestinal upset, increase the risk of kidney stones, and lead to fluctuations in blood pressure, as well as respiratory issues in some individuals, and its long-term use effects are unknown.

The most important precautions you must take before using Olea europaea for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.

• Pregnancy And Breastfeeding Warning: Olea europaea essential oil should be avoided by pregnant and breastfeeding women due to lack of data on its safety.
• Allergic Reactions Possible: Some individuals experience anaphylaxis or contact dermatitis due to Olea europaea.
• Interactions With Medications: Olea europaea interacts with medications such as statins, digoxin and verapamil, increasing their levels and effects.
• Skin Sensitivity: Olea europaea essential oil can cause skin irritation in some individuals
• Eye And Mucous Membrane Irritation: Contact with Olea europaea causes eye and mucous membrane irritation.
• Gastrointestinal Upset: Consuming large amounts of Olea europaea can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to the high concentration of oleuropein, a polyphenol compound.
• Kidney Stone Risk: High consumption of Olea europaea may increase oxalate levels in urine, potentially contributing to kidney stone formation.
• Blood Pressure Fluctuation: Consuming high amounts of olive oil from Olea europaea may cause a decrease in blood pressure in individuals with hypertension due to its high levels of oleic acid and other bioactive compounds.
• Respiratory Issues In Some Individuals: Some individuals may experience respiratory issues due to oleoresin in Olea europaea.
• Long-Term Use Effects Unknown: Consequences of prolonged use of Olea europaea have not been established.

Are there scientific studies that prove the medical effectiveness of Olea europaea?

Yes, there are several scientific studies that prove the medicianl effectiveness of Olea europaea. Here are some studies that are worthy of notice.

According to a study published by The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, Olea europaea has been found to exhibit photoaging-protective and anti-inflammatory effects, primarily due to its antioxidant properties and ability to inhibit the expression of inflammatory molecules. The ethanol extract of Olea europaea (Oe-EE) has been shown to decrease the mRNA expression levels of matrix metalloproteinases, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, Oe-EE treatment has been found to restore the expression of moisturizing factors, such as type I collagen, filaggrin, and sirtuin 1, in UVB-irradiated cells.

In another study published by "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)", the extract of Olea europaea has been found to have several positive effects, including reducing blood pressure, preventing respiratory infections, and minimizing inflammation. Additionally, it has been shown to improve insulin resistance, which is a significant risk factor for various metabolic diseases. Overall, the study highlights the potential health benefits of using Olea europaea extract as a natural remedy for various cardiovascular and metabolic conditions.

A different research published by "Journal of Asian natural products research", the leaves of Olea europaea have been found to contain compounds with potential health benefits, including secoiridoid glycosides and triterpenoids. These compounds have been isolated and elucidated through various spectroscopic methods, which suggest that they may have therapeutic properties. The presence of these compounds in Olea europaea may contribute to its use in traditional medicine and its potential as a natural remedy for various health conditions.

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