What to know about Notopterygium incisium (qianghuo) before using it medicinally

Notopterygium incisium, commonly known as qianghuo, is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb renowned for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties, which have been shown to effectively alleviate pain and improve overall well-being.

Grown primarily in mountainous regions of China, Tibet, and the Himalayas, qianghuo is a hardy perennial herb that thrives in well-drained soil and temperate climates, making it a sought-after ingredient in Chinese medicine gardens. Botanically speaking, Notopterygium incisium belongs to the Apiaceae family, with its characteristic compound umbels and pinnate leaflets distinguishing it from other species.

Historically, qianghuo has been documented in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the Ben Cao Gang Mu, as a valuable remedy for treating various ailments, including arthritis, rheumatism, and menstrual disorders.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Notopterygium incisium .

What are the medicinal properties of Notopterygium incisium ?

Notopterygium incisium helps with treating rheumatoid arthritis, pain relief, and fever reduction. Its medicinal properties have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries. Studies have shown its effectiveness in reducing inflammation and improving joint function.

Its medicinal properties are attributed to the presence of active constituents such as furanocoumarins, coumarins, and sesquiterpenoids. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. Research has isolated specific compounds like bergapten and bergaptol, which contribute to its medicinal properties.

The most commonly used parts for medicinal purposes are the dried roots and rhizomes. These are harvested, dried, and processed for use in traditional Chinese medicine. The roots are typically cut into small pieces or crushed into a powder for use in decoctions or infusions.

When used improperly, Notopterygium incisium can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. Excessive consumption can lead to toxicity, particularly liver and kidney damage. It is essential to follow recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare professional.

Precautions when using Notopterygium incisium medicinally include avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Patients with bleeding disorders, such as hemophilia, should also avoid its use. Additionally, individuals with sensitive skin or allergies should exercise caution and monitor their body's response to its use.

What are the horticulural aspects of Notopterygium incisium ?

Notopterygium incisium grow in well-drained, dry to moist soils with a pH of 5.0-6.5. It thrives in full sun to partial shade, tolerating temperatures between -5°C to 30°C. Average annual rainfall is 800-1200 mm.

Plant Notopterygium incisium in a location with good air circulation, spaced 30-60 cm apart. Sow seeds 1-2 mm deep in autumn or spring, and transplant seedlings when 10-15 cm tall. Water regularly during its first year, then reduce watering to once a week.

Harvest Notopterygium incisium leaves when mature, typically after 2-3 years. Cut the stems at the base, leaving 10-15 cm of foliage. Harvest roots after 5-7 years, when the plant reaches a diameter of 20-30 cm.

Common pests affecting Notopterygium incisium include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Root rot and leaf spot diseases are caused by Phytophthora and Colletotrichum fungi, respectively. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or disease, taking prompt action to control outbreaks.

What are the botanical aspects of Notopterygium incisium ?

Notopterygium incisium is a perennial herb native to China. It has a rhizome with fleshy roots and stems reaching up to 60 cm in height. Leaves are alternate, pinnate, and bipinnate. Umbels are small and white. The plant has a strong, pungent aroma.

Taxonomically, Notopterygium incisium belongs to the family Apiaceae. It is a member of the genus Notopterygium, which is characterized by the presence of umbels and bipinnate leaves. The species incisium is differentiated from others in the genus by its incised leaf margins.

Several variants of Notopterygium incisium exist, including Notopterygium incisium var. multifidum and Notopterygium incisium var. incisium. These variants differ in leaf morphology, with multifidum having more deeply divided leaves than incisium.

Notopterygium incisium is native to the mountainous regions of China, specifically in the provinces of Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan. It grows in areas with high altitudes and moderate climates, typically between 1,000 to 3,000 meters above sea level.

The life cycle of Notopterygium incisium consists of a juvenile phase, during which the plant develops from seedling to mature herb, and a reproductive phase, in which the plant produces flowers, fruits, and seeds. The plant completes its life cycle within one year, although some individuals may live for multiple years.

What are the historical aspects of Notopterygium incisium ?

Notopterygium incisium is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has been used for centuries in various forms of traditional Chinese medicine. It is native to the Sichuan province in China and has been used to treat various ailments, including arthritis, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders.

In ancient Chinese mythology, qianghuo was associated with the myth of the Eight Immortals, where it was said to have been used to heal the wounds of the immortals. This mythological connection highlights the plant's importance in Chinese culture and its reverence for centuries. In Shang Dynasty (16th-11th centuries BCE), qianghuo was used to treat diseases of the liver and spleen.

In traditional Chinese symbolism, qianghuo is associated with the concept of "qi" (life energy) and is used to balance and harmonize the body's energy. The plant's shape and structure are believed to represent the balance and harmony of the yin-yang principle. Qianghuo is also associated with the element of wood and is used to treat conditions related to the liver and gallbladder.

The earliest recorded mention of qianghuo is in the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon), a foundational text of traditional Chinese medicine, which dates back to the Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE). The text describes the plant's properties and uses, including its ability to relieve pain and reduce inflammation. The Shennong Bencao Jing (Divine Farmer's Classic of Materia Medica) also mentions qianghuo, describing its flavor, aroma, and medicinal properties.

Several historical artifacts and artifacts of qianghuo have been discovered in China, including ceramic and bronze vessels used for preparing and storing qianghuo tea. These artifacts date back to the Han and Tang Dynasties (206 BCE-907 CE) and demonstrate the widespread use and reverence for qianghuo in traditional Chinese medicine.