What to know about Nelumbo nucifera (lotus) before using it medicinally

Nelumbo nucifera, commonly known as lotus, is a revered herb that has been prized for its remarkable health properties, which include reducing inflammation, improving digestion, and supporting weight loss.

As a versatile horticultural specimen, it is grown in a variety of water-based environments, including ponds and lakes, and is prized for its stunning flowers and foliage. Botanically speaking, Nelumbo nucifera is a member of the Nelumbonaceae family and is characterized by its unique rhizome and flower morphology.

Throughout history, the lotus has been celebrated in cultures such as ancient Egypt and India, where it was revered for its spiritual and medicinal significance.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Nelumbo nucifera.

What are the medicinal properties of Nelumbo nucifera?

Nelumbo nucifera helps with various health conditions such as diarrhea, dysentery, and skin allergies due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. It has been used in traditional medicine for its cooling and detoxifying effects. Lotus has been used to treat fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions.

The active constituents of Nelumbo nucifera include alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins, which contribute to its medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities, which are responsible for the plant's therapeutic effects. The exact composition of the plant can vary depending on the region and growing conditions.

The rhizome, leaves, and flowers of Nelumbo nucifera are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The rhizome contains the highest concentration of bioactive compounds and is often used to make decoctions or infusions. The leaves and flowers are also used to prepare infusions or are dried for later use.

Improper use of Nelumbo nucifera can cause side effects such as gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. The plant's high saponin content can cause digestive problems if taken in excessive amounts. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant medicinally.

Precautions when using Nelumbo nucifera medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women. It is also essential to follow proper dosages and preparation methods to avoid adverse effects. The plant should not be used in cases of allergies or sensitivities.

What are the horticulural aspects of Nelumbo nucifera?

Nelumbo nucifera grow in subtropical and tropical climates, preferring full sun to partial shade and still or slow-moving water temperatures between 15°C to 30°C.

Plant Nelumbo nucifera tubers 10-20 cm deep in late spring or early summer, after the danger of frost has passed, and water the soil consistently to prevent drought stress. The rhizome grows up to 30 cm deep into the soil.

Harvest Nelumbo nucifera flowers, leaves, and rhizomes when mature, typically in late summer or early fall. Flowers and leaves can be harvested continuously, while rhizomes should be dug up every 2-3 years to promote new growth.

Common pests of Nelumbo nucifera include aquatic snails, water striders, and insects such as water lilies beetles and nematodes. Common diseases include fungal infections such as root rot, crown rot, and leaf spot caused by pathogens like Phytophthora and Pythium.

What are the botanical aspects of Nelumbo nucifera?

Nelumbo nucifera is a rhizomatous aquatic plant with large, flat leaves and showy flowers. The plant has a thick, fleshy rhizome that grows just below the surface of the water. Its leaves are elliptical to ovate in shape, typically 20-120 cm long, and 10-50 cm wide.

Nelumbo nucifera belongs to the family Nelumbonaceae, which is a monotypic family. The plant is classified as Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., with the species nucifera being derived from the Latin word for nut, referring to the edible rhizome. The plant is also known as Lotus nelumbo, although the name Nelumbo nucifera is more widely used.

Several variants of Nelumbo nucifera have been identified, including Nelumbo nucifera var. aureus, which is characterized by its bright yellow flowers, and Nelumbo nucifera var. alba, which has white flowers. Other variants, such as Nelumbo nucifera var. rubra and Nelumbo nucifera var. japonica, have been reported from different parts of its native range.

Nelumbo nucifera is native to the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, including China, Japan, India, and Southeast Asia. It is widely cultivated in ponds, lakes, and rivers in many other parts of the world, including North America, Europe, and Africa.

The life cycle of Nelumbo nucifera begins with germination of the seed, which takes place within 1-3 months after planting. The seedling develops a rhizome, which grows just below the surface of the water. The plant produces flowers, which are pollinated by insects and birds, leading to seed formation and dispersal. The life cycle typically takes 3-5 years to complete, although some plants may live for up to 10 years or more.

What are the historical aspects of Nelumbo nucifera?

Nelumbo nucifera is a plant with a rich history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in ancient China and India, where it was used to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, skin conditions, and digestive issues.

In Hindu and Buddhist mythologies, the lotus is associated with the goddess Lakshmi and the Buddha, respectively, symbolizing spiritual growth and enlightenment. The lotus is also mentioned in ancient Indian texts, such as the Mahabharata and the Rigveda.

The lotus has been imbued with various symbolic meanings across cultures, including spiritual growth, rebirth, and purification. In ancient Egypt, the lotus was associated with the sun god Ra, while in ancient Greece, it was linked to the goddess of the sea, Amphitrite.

Historical texts, such as the Shennong Bencao Jing (circa 200 BCE) and the Ayurvedic text, the Charaka Samhita (circa 400 CE), contain descriptions of the lotus's medicinal properties and uses. These texts also highlight the plant's importance in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine.

Archaeological findings, such as lotus-themed pottery and ceramics from ancient China and Egypt, demonstrate the plant's significance in these cultures. The lotus's image is also depicted in various forms of art, including murals and sculptures from ancient civilizations.