What to know about Myrtus communis (myrtle) before using it medicinally

Myrtus communis, commonly known as myrtle, is a herb renowned for its multifaceted health benefits, including its ability to lower blood pressure, improve digestion, and boost the immune system.

Cultivated for its ornamental value and versatile uses, myrtle is a hardy evergreen shrub that thrives in well-drained soil and partial shade. Botanically, the herb is characterized by its fragrant, white flowers and glossy, dark green leaves, which are rich in essential oils and antioxidants.

With its ancient origins dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, myrtle has been prized for its medicinal and spiritual properties for centuries, with references to its use appearing in the writings of Hippocrates and Galen.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Myrtus communis.

What are the medicinal properties of Myrtus communis?

Myrtus communis helps with a range of health issues, including digestive problems, respiratory issues, and skin conditions, due to its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Its leaves, bark, and berries are commonly used for medicinal purposes.

The active constituents of Myrtus communis include essential oils, terpenes, and flavonoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. These compounds exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, making the plant a valuable resource for traditional medicine.

The leaves, bark, and berries of Myrtus communis are the most commonly used parts for medicinal purposes. The leaves are used to make infusions and decoctions for digestive issues, while the bark is used for respiratory problems. The berries are used to treat skin conditions.

Improper use of Myrtus communis can cause allergic reactions, including skin irritation and respiratory issues. Ingestion of large quantities can lead to gastrointestinal problems, such as diarrhea and nausea. Long-term use can also cause an imbalance of electrolytes and potassium.

When using Myrtus communis medicinally, it is essential to take precautions, including consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially if pregnant or breastfeeding. The plant's essential oils can cause skin irritation, so topical applications should be diluted with a carrier oil.

What are the horticulural aspects of Myrtus communis?

Myrtus communis grow best in well-draining soil and full sun to partial shade, requiring a pH range of 6.0-8.0 and 600-1000 mm of annual rainfall. It is a Mediterranean native and tolerates heat and drought, but young plants are sensitive to frost.

For optimal growth, plant myrtle in a location with good air circulation, spacing individual plants 3-4 meters apart to prevent overcrowding. Water regularly during the first year after planting, then reduce watering to once or twice a week, depending on soil moisture. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvest myrtle leaves and flowers at the peak of their fragrance and color, typically in late spring to early summer. Use scissors or pruning shears to cut off the stems, leaving about 2-3 cm of stem intact. Harvest only what is needed, as excessive cutting can stress the plant and reduce future yields.

Common pests affecting myrtle include the myrtle spider mite, scales, and root aphids. Diseases such as root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can also occur, often caused by overwatering, poor air circulation, or fungal spores. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of infestation or disease and take corrective action promptly.

What are the botanical aspects of Myrtus communis?

Myrtus communis is a deciduous shrub or small tree with a broad, rounded crown and a short, thick stem. It can grow up to 3-6 meters in height and has a spread of 2-4 meters.

The taxonomical classification of Myrtus communis is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Myrtales, Family: Myrtaceae, Genus: Myrtus, Species: M. communis. It is a member of the myrtle family.

Myrtus communis has several variants, including 'Compacta', 'Variegata', and 'Silver Fountain', which are bred for their compact growth, variegated leaves, or unique foliage. These variants are used in landscaping and gardening.

Myrtus communis is native to the Mediterranean region, and its geographical distribution extends to parts of Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia. It is commonly found in areas with mild winters and dry summers.

The life cycle of Myrtus communis begins with germination, followed by seedling growth. The plant develops a woody stem and produces leaves, flowers, and fruit within 2-5 years. It reaches maturity after 5-10 years and can live for up to 20-30 years in ideal conditions.

What are the historical aspects of Myrtus communis?

Myrtus communis is an ancient plant with a rich history of use in various cultures. Its fragrant leaves and berries were used in perfumes, cosmetics, and incense, while the wood was used for furniture and other crafts. In some regions, myrtle was also used as a medicinal herb to treat various ailments.

In ancient Greek mythology, myrtle was associated with Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. According to legend, the goddess emerged from the sea near a myrtle tree, which was said to have been planted by the goddess herself. The mythological associations of myrtle likely contributed to its widespread use in ancient rituals and ceremonies.

The symbolic meanings of myrtle have varied across cultures, but it is often associated with love, beauty, and immortality. In ancient Greece, myrtle was seen as a symbol of eternal life, while in Christianity, it was associated with the Virgin Mary. In some cultures, myrtle is still used in wedding ceremonies to promote love and fidelity.

The historical texts that mention myrtle include the works of Theophrastus, who described its uses and cultivation in his book "Enquiry into Plants". The Greek physician Dioscorides also wrote about the medicinal properties of myrtle in his book "De Materia Medica". Additionally, the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder wrote about the plant's uses in perfumes and cosmetics in his book "Naturalis Historia".

Archaeological artifacts that feature myrtle include ancient Greek and Roman pottery and jewelry, which often depicted the plant in intricate designs. Some ancient coins also featured images of myrtle, which likely represented the plant's association with love and beauty. Additionally, archaeological excavations have uncovered the remains of myrtle plants in ancient ruins, providing valuable insights into their cultivation and use in the past.