What to know about Myroxylon balsamum (peruvian balsam) before using it medicinally

Myroxylon balsamum, commonly known as Peruvian balsam, is a herb rich in antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal properties, which have been shown to improve various health conditions such as wound healing, skin irritations, and respiratory issues.

In terms of horticulture, this herb is known for its ability to thrive in subtropical and tropical climates, and can be cultivated in well-drained soils and full sun. Botanically, Myroxylon balsamum belongs to the family Fabaceae and is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 10 meters in height.

Historically, the herb has been used by indigenous communities in South America for centuries, and has been mentioned in ancient texts by the likes of the Spanish conquistador, Francisco de Orellana.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Myroxylon balsamum.

What are the medicinal properties of Myroxylon balsamum?

Myroxylon balsamum helps with wound healing, inflammation, and skin conditions due to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is used topically to treat burns, cuts, and skin irritations.

The medicinal properties of Myroxylon balsamum are attributed to its active constituents, including benzyl cinnamate, benzyl benzoate, and vanillin, which have been shown to exhibit antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities. These compounds also contribute to its antiseptic and astringent properties.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the resin and balsam, which are rich in the active constituents mentioned earlier. The resin is extracted from the bark of the tree and is used to treat a range of skin conditions, including eczema, acne, and dermatitis.

Improper use of Myroxylon balsamum can lead to skin irritation, allergic reactions, and contact dermatitis. Prolonged use can also cause phototoxicity, making the skin more susceptible to sun damage. In rare cases, it may also interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners.

Precautions when using Myroxylon balsamum medicinally include performing patch tests to ensure skin tolerance, using it in moderation and for short periods, and avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It should also be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid potential interactions with other medications.

What are the horticulural aspects of Myroxylon balsamum?

Myroxylon balsamum grow best in warm, subtropical regions with full sun to partial shade. It thrives in well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.0 and can tolerate drought periods. The tree requires minimal fertilization and pruning.

Planting tips for Myroxylon balsamum include selecting a location with adequate air circulation and moisture retention. Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep in a nursery bed and maintain a consistent temperature of 25-30°C until germination. Transplant seedlings 1-2 years after sowing in a field with suitable conditions.

Harvesting Myroxylon balsamum involves tapping the tree's stem to collect latex, which contains benzoin resin. The latex is collected daily and then processed for its fragrance and medicinal properties. Harvesting is typically done during the dry season to ensure resin quality.

Pests and diseases that commonly affect Myroxylon balsamum include root rot caused by Phytophthora spp., leaf spot caused by Cercospora spp., and stem canker caused by Nectria spp. Insect pests such as scale and mealybugs can also infest the tree, requiring integrated pest management strategies.

What are the botanical aspects of Myroxylon balsamum?

Myroxylon balsamum is a tree that grows up to 30 meters tall, with a straight trunk, smooth bark, and a rounded crown. It has large, elliptical leaves with a pointed tip and a short petiole. The leaves are dark green, shiny, and aromatic.

Myroxylon balsamum is classified in the family Fabaceae and tribe Faboideae. Its botanical name is derived from the Greek words "myros" meaning mouse and "xylon" meaning wood, referring to the plant's supposed ability to repel mice. The plant is further classified as Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum.

Myroxylon balsamum has several variants, including Myroxylon balsamum var. glabrum, which is found in the western slopes of the Andes and has a smaller leaf size and fewer flowers. Another variant is Myroxylon balsamum var. velutinum, which has a hairy leaf and stem.

Myroxylon balsamum is native to the Andes mountain range in South America, specifically in present-day Peru and northwestern Bolivia. It is also found in the cloud forests of Ecuador and northwestern Argentina. The plant thrives in high-altitude regions with mild temperatures.

Myroxylon balsamum's life cycle begins with germination, followed by seedling growth, and eventually, the emergence of a small tree. As the tree matures, it produces small white flowers, which are pollinated by bees and butterflies. The flowers eventually turn into seed pods, containing 10-20 seeds each.

What are the historical aspects of Myroxylon balsamum?

Myroxylon balsamum, also known as Peruvian balsam, is an evergreen tree native to South America. Historically, its resin was used as a medicine and perfume in ancient civilizations, including the Incas and Aztecs, who prized its fragrance and medicinal properties.

In mythological references, the Peruvian balsam is linked to the fertility goddess, Pachamama, in Inca mythology. The tree's resin was believed to have purifying and protective properties, associated with the goddess's powers. This mythological connection highlights the plant's revered status in pre-Columbian cultures.

The Peruvian balsam has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In Western tradition, the tree's fragrance represents love, devotion, and spiritual growth. In Eastern cultures, the resin is associated with the elements and the balance of nature. These symbolic meanings demonstrate the plant's significance beyond its practical uses.

The earliest historical texts mentioning the Peruvian balsam date back to the 16th century. The Spanish conquistadors documented the tree's medicinal properties, and the plant was described in the works of botanist Francisco Hernandez in 1623. Later, in the 19th century, the resin was used in perfumery and medicine, leading to a significant increase in its cultivation.

The historical artifacts of the Peruvian balsam include ceramic and textile items from pre-Columbian cultures. Archaeological findings have yielded pottery and weavings that feature the tree's resin as a motif, signifying its importance in the daily lives and spiritual practices of ancient civilizations. These artifacts demonstrate the plant's profound impact on the art, culture, and traditions of the regions where it grows.