What to know about Mentha spicata (spearmint) before using it medicinally

Mentha spicata, commonly known as spearmint, is a herb that is rich in antioxidants and has been shown to have a range of health benefits, from easing digestive issues to reducing inflammation and improving mental clarity.

In terms of horticulture, spearmint is a hardy perennial herb that thrives in moist soil and partial shade, making it a popular choice for gardeners and chefs alike. From a botanical perspective, Mentha spicata belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is characterized by its bright green leaves and distinctive pointed tip.

Historically, spearmint has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary practices, with ancient Greek and Roman physicians praising its digestive and therapeutic properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Mentha spicata.

What are the medicinal properties of Mentha spicata?

Mentha spicata helps with digestive issues, relieving nausea, and reducing inflammation. It has been traditionally used to alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), indigestion, and upset stomach. Spearmint has also been used to ease menstrual cramps and alleviate symptoms of menopause.

The active constituents of Mentha spicata include menthol, menthone, and limonene, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Menthol is responsible for its cooling and anti-inflammatory effects, while menthone has antibacterial and antifungal properties. Limonene has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves and essential oil. The leaves are used fresh or dried to make teas, infusions, and tinctures, while the essential oil is used topically to relieve muscle and joint pain. The oil is also used aromatically to ease stress and anxiety.

When used improperly, Mentha spicata can cause allergic reactions, particularly skin irritation and contact dermatitis. Ingesting large amounts of spearmint essential oil can also cause gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and vomiting. It is essential to use spearmint in moderation and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

The most common precautions to take when using Mentha spicata medicinally include pregnant women avoiding its use due to potential estrogenic effects. Individuals with allergies to mint or plants in the Lamiaceae family should also avoid using spearmint. Furthermore, it is essential to consult a healthcare professional before using spearmint to treat any medical condition.

What are the horticulural aspects of Mentha spicata?

Mentha spicata grow best in partial shade to full sun with temperatures between 65-90°F (18-32°C). It prefers well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0-7.0. It is drought-tolerant but performs best with consistent moisture. Spearmint is a hardy perennial.

Spearmint can be planted in the spring or fall in zones 4-9. Choose a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Plant the rhizomes 12-18 inches apart, 1/4 inch deep, with the crown exposed. Water thoroughly after planting and keep the soil consistently moist during the first growing season.

Spearmint can be harvested by pinching or cutting off the top growth when it reaches 6-12 inches tall. Pinching encourages bushy growth, while cutting off the top growth promotes a more upright habit. Harvest spearmint regularly to encourage new growth and prevent flowering.

Common pests that affect spearmint include aphids, spider mites, and Japanese beetles. Fungal diseases such as root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can also occur. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or disease, and take action promptly if problems are detected.

What are the botanical aspects of Mentha spicata?

Mentha spicata is an annual or short-lived perennial herbaceous plant. Its stem is square, 30-90 cm long, with four ridges and four angles, bearing leaves in opposite pairs. Leaves are 2-5 cm long, ovate-lanceolate, with serrated edges and a prominent midrib.

Mentha spicata belongs to the family Lamiaceae and is classified as a member of the genus Mentha. The taxonomical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Lamiales, Family: Lamiaceae, Genus: Mentha, Species: M. spicata.

The plant has several variants, including M. spicata var. crispa (curly-leaf spearmint) and M. spicata var. serrata (serrated-leaf spearmint). These variants differ in leaf shape and edge characteristics. M. spicata var. crispa has curly leaves with wavy edges, while M. spicata var. serrata has leaves with serrated edges.

Mentha spicata is native to Europe and Western Asia, but has been naturalized in many other regions, including North Africa, North America, and Australia. It grows in moist environments, such as near waterways, and can thrive in a variety of habitats.

The life cycle of Mentha spicata involves germination, vegetative growth, and reproduction. Germination occurs within 1-3 weeks after seed dispersal, followed by the emergence of a single stem from the seed. As the stem grows, it produces lateral branches and roots, eventually producing flowers and seeds for reproduction.

What are the historical aspects of Mentha spicata?

Mentha spicata is an ancient plant with a rich history of use. It was used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as a culinary herb, a medicinal plant, and a perfume ingredient. Its oil was also used as a fragrance in baths and as a breath freshener.

In Greek mythology, mentha is associated with the goddess Hestia, who used it to perfume her altar. The Roman myth of Chloris, the goddess of flowers, is also linked to the plant, as she was said to have used its fragrance to entice her lover, Zephyr. These mythological references suggest a long-standing cultural significance.

Throughout history, spearmint has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In ancient Egypt, it represented love and fertility, while in medieval Europe, it symbolized good luck and prosperity. In some cultures, it is still associated with hospitality and generosity. These symbolic meanings reflect the plant's enduring cultural significance.

Spearmint is mentioned in several historical texts, including the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia", where it is described as a popular medicinal herb. The 16th-century herbalist John Gerard also wrote about its use as a culinary herb and a medicinal plant. These texts demonstrate the plant's widespread use and acceptance.

Archaeological finds have revealed the use of spearmint in ancient artifacts, such as a 4th-century BCE Greek amphora found in a shipwreck, which contained a mixture of herbs, including mentha. In a Roman villa, excavations uncovered a room dedicated to the production of perfumes, including one using spearmint oil. These artifacts demonstrate the plant's importance in ancient cultures.