What to know about Melissa officinalis (lemon balm) before using it medicinally

Melissa officinalis, commonly known as lemon balm, is a herb prized for its calming and mood-enhancing properties, which have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety while improving sleep quality and overall mental health.

As a low-maintenance herb, Melissa officinalis is a popular choice among gardeners due to its easy growth and adaptability to various environments, requiring minimal pruning and care. Botanically speaking, Melissa officinalis is a member of the Lamiaceae family, with distinctive heart-shaped leaves and a light yellow color that distinguishes it from other herbs.

Historically, Melissa officinalis has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and culinary practices, particularly in ancient Greece and Rome, where it was valued for its flavor, fragrance, and medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Melissa officinalis.

What are the medicinal properties of Melissa officinalis?

Melissa officinalis helps with stress relief, insomnia, and anxiety disorders due to its calming effects on the nervous system. It also exhibits antimicrobial and antiviral properties, making it effective against cold sores and other viral infections.

The active constituents of Melissa officinalis include rosmarinic acid, borneol, and citral, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Rosmarinic acid is particularly notable for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These compounds are responsible for the plant's anxiolytic and sedative effects.

The aerial parts of Melissa officinalis, particularly the leaves and flowers, are the most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The leaves are used to prepare teas, tinctures, and essential oils, while the flowers are used in traditional remedies for anxiety and insomnia.

When used improperly, Melissa officinalis may cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, and digestive issues. Interactions with sedatives, antidepressants, and blood thinners may also occur. Furthermore, high doses of the plant may lead to headaches and nausea.

Precautions when using Melissa officinalis medicinally include pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers exercising caution, as the plant's effects on the fetus or baby are not well established. Additionally, individuals with allergies to mint or other plants in the Lamiaceae family should avoid using Melissa officinalis.

What are the horticulural aspects of Melissa officinalis?

Melissa officinalis grow in full sun to partial shade, with temperatures ranging from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). It requires moist, well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. The plant grows to a height of 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1 to 2 feet).

Planting tips for Melissa officinalis include selecting a location with good air circulation to prevent disease. The soil should be rich in organic matter, and the plant should be spaced 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) apart. Lemon balm prefers rich soil, but it can tolerate some dry spells.

Harvesting Melissa officinalis involves pinching or cutting off the stems as soon as the leaves are large enough to use. This encourages bushy growth and prevents the plant from flowering. Harvest the leaves in the morning, after the dew has dried, but before the heat of the day.

Common pests that affect Melissa officinalis include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Fungal diseases such as leaf spot and root rot also affect lemon balm. Regular watering, pruning, and monitoring for pests and diseases can help prevent infestations and reduce the risk of disease.

What are the botanical aspects of Melissa officinalis?

Melissa officinalis is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows up to 60 cm in height with a spread of 30 cm. Leaves are simple, elliptical, 3-6 cm long, and have a pointed apex. Stems are square, hairy, and branched.

Melissa officinalis is classified in the family Lamiaceae, order Lamiales, class Magnoliopsida, phylum Magnoliophyta, and kingdom Plantae. It belongs to the genus Melissa and is a member of the subtribe Melisinae.

Several variants of Melissa officinalis exist, including 'Aurea', 'Variegata', and 'Nana', which exhibit variations in leaf color and growth habit. These cultivars are often used in ornamental and culinary contexts.

Melissa officinalis is native to Europe and western Asia, but has been naturalized in other regions, including North America and Australia. It thrives in temperate climates with well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Melissa officinalis typically lasts for 3-4 years, with growth stages including seed germination, vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production. The plant produces flowers in mid-summer, which are white, fragrant, and tubular in shape.

What are the historical aspects of Melissa officinalis?

Melissa officinalis is an herbaceous perennial plant with a long history of use. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was used as a treatment for fever, insomnia, and anxiety. The Greeks used it to make a tea to calm the nerves.

In mythology, Melissa officinalis is associated with the myth of Melissa, a nymph who discovered the plant. According to legend, Melissa gave nectar to the gods, who then used it to make ambrosia. The plant's name "Melissa" is derived from the Greek word for "honey bee", which was also associated with the nymph.

In medieval Europe, Melissa officinalis was used as a symbol of love and fidelity. Its leaves were given to brides as a token of marriage, and its flowers were used in wedding bouquets. The plant's calming properties were also associated with its ability to soothe the heart.

In historical texts, Melissa officinalis is mentioned in the writings of Hippocrates and Galen, two of the most influential physicians of the ancient world. The plant is also mentioned in the works of the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder, who described its use as a treatment for various ailments.

Archaeological evidence of Melissa officinalis use dates back to the Roman era, where it was found in the ruins of ancient Roman gardens. The plant's seeds and leaves were also found in the tombs of ancient Egyptians, where it was used in rituals and ceremonies.