mango tree

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Mango Tree
• Common Indian Mango
• Indian mango
• common mango

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Mangifera mekongensis
• Mangifera cambodiana
• Mangifera viridis
• Mangifera amba
• Mangifera rubra
• Mangifera sativa
• Mangifera siamensis
• Mangifera equina
• Mangifera indica var. domestica
• Mangifera gladiata
• Mangifera laurina var. deropong
• Mangifera maritima
• Mangifera indica var. bapang
• Mangifera indica var. compressa
• Mangifera indica var. dodol
• Mangifera indica var. gratissima
• Mangifera domestica
• Mangifera indica var. kidang
• Mangifera kukulu
• Mangifera indica var. kalapa
• Mangifera linnaei
• Mangifera indica var. piit
• Mangifera indica var. kaijer
• Mangifera anisodora
• Mangifera indica var. deropong
• Mangifera laxiflora
• Mangifera indica var. marundana
• Mangifera balba
• Mangifera indica var. marunga
• Mangifera austroyunnanensis
• Mangifera indica var. niela
• Mangifera oryza
• Mangifera indica var. pallens
• Mangifera indica var. sangier
• Mangifera montana
• Mangifera indica var. teloor
• Mangifera indica var. sentok
• Mangifera indica var. cambodiana
• Mangifera rostrata
• Mangifera indica var. mekongensis
• Mangifera indica var. kukulu
• Mangifera indica var. excelsa

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, Mangifera indica, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it falls under the order Sapindales and the family Anacardiaceae. Finally, it is categorized under the genus Mangifera.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, known scientifically as Mangifera indica, exhibits a specific presence across several regions of West Tropical Africa. Within this geographic zone, it can be found growing in the nation of Burkina. Its distribution continues through the coastal and inland areas of Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. Furthermore, the species is documented as being present within the borders of Guinea. Finally, its range extends to include the country of Senegal.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Mangifera indica is characterized by a broad altitudinal adaptability, allowing it to occupy diverse topographical niches within its habitat. It thrives across a significant vertical gradient, ranging from sea level (0 m AMSL) up to a maximum elevation of 2850 m AMSL. This extensive range indicates a high degree of plasticity regarding environmental variables such as temperature and atmospheric pressure. On average, the species is most commonly found at a mean elevation of approximately 636.67 m AMSL, a level that typically corresponds to optimal climatic conditions for its growth and development. This distribution pattern suggests that while the plant is capable of surviving in high-altitude montane environments, it possesses a strong ecological preference for lowland and mid-elevation tropical or subtropical zones.

Elevational range max:

2850 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

636.666666666667 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Genetics

The genetics of Mangifera indica are characterized by a stable karyotype and a well-defined genome structure. The species possesses a chromosome number of 40, which serves as a fundamental cytogenetic marker for its taxonomic classification. Furthermore, the plant exhibits a diploid ploidy level of 2, indicating that its somatic cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes. This genetic framework underpins the species' complex inheritance patterns, which influence various phenotypic traits such as fruit quality, disease resistance, and adaptability to diverse environmental conditions.

Chromosome number :

40

Ploidy :

2

Life history

The life history of Mangifera indica is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, allowing it to persist and thrive through many growing seasons. As a phanerophyte, its regenerative buds are located high above the ground on woody branches, a structural adaptation that supports its large, arborescent growth habit. The plant maintains an evergreen deciduousness, ensuring that it retains its foliage throughout the year to maximize photosynthetic activity, though it may undergo brief periods of leaf shedding during specific environmental stressors. This combination of a long-lived perennial lifecycle and a robust phanerophyte life form enables the species to establish a dominant presence in its ecosystem.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Mangifera indica is characterized by its robust growth form as a woody tree. It is a terrestrial, self-supporting plant that functions independently, showing no parasitic or epiphytic behavior. As a large-scale woody species, it reaches significant dimensions, with a plant height that typically ranges from a minimum of 5 m to a maximum of 40 m, maintaining an average height of approximately 25 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

40 m

Plant height mean:

25 m

Plant height min:

5 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Mangifera indica is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency. Its leaf morphology exhibits significant variability, with leaf lengths ranging from a minimum of 5 cm to a maximum of 32 cm, and leaf widths spanning from 1.5 cm to 10 cm. The leaf architecture is relatively dense, as evidenced by a mean Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of 73.9 cm²/g and a consistent Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) of 461 mg/g across its minimum, mean, and maximum values. Furthermore, the plant does not exhibit succulence, maintaining a standard leaf structure rather than specialized water-storage tissues. Regarding its structural and nutritional profile, the plant possesses a mean stem specific density (SSD) of 680 mg/cm³ and does not function as a nitrogen fixer, relying instead on external soil nutrient availability.

Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) mean:

461 mg/g

Leaf length max:

32 cm

Leaf length min:

5 cm

Leaf width max:

10 cm

Leaf width min:

1.5 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

73.9 cm²/g

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

680 mg/cm³

Succulence :

no

Reproduction

The reproduction of Mangifera indica begins with the development of inflorescences that range in length from a minimum of 0.2 m to a maximum of 0.35 m, featuring small green flowers. The pollination process is primarily biotic, specifically involving ants as a key pollination syndrome. Once fertilized, the plant exhibits self-fertilization capabilities. The resulting fruit is a fleshy, indehiscent drupe. These fruits vary in size, with a mean length of 5.875 cm (ranging from 3.5 cm to 15 cm) and a mean width of 3.125 cm (ranging from 2.5 cm to 8 cm). Dispersal of the species follows a zoochorous and anthropochorous syndrome, relying on animals and humans for distribution. Within the fleshy fruit lies the seed, which is characterized by a mean mass of 16.4659 g (ranging from 4.5 g to 25 g) and a seed length between 50 mm and 70 mm. The seed volume is substantial, with a mean of 23,500 mm³, ranging from a minimum of 22,000 mm³ to a maximum of 25,000 mm³.

Dehiscence :

indehiscent

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

anthropochorous

Flower colour :

green

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length max:

15 cm

Fruit length mean:

5.875 cm

Fruit length min:

3.5 cm

Fruit type :

drupe

Fruit width max:

8 cm

Fruit width mean:

3.125 cm

Fruit width min:

2.5 cm

Inflorescence length max:

0.35 m

Inflorescence length min:

0.2 m

Pollination syndrome :

ant

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Seed length max:

70 mm

Seed length min:

50 mm

Seed mass max:

25 g

Seed mass mean:

16.4659 g

Seed mass min:

4.5 g

Seed volume max:

25000 mm³

Seed volume mean:

23500 mm³

Seed volume min:

22000 mm³

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Mangifera indica has 5 reported plant parts identified across 30 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, stem, flower, fruit, seed.

Leaf

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. African health sciences
3. Tissue & cell
4. Veterinary world
5. Acta parasitologica

Stem

1. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry
2. Food & nutrition research
3. Natural product research
4. Pharmacognosy research
5. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)

Flower

1. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
2. PloS one

Fruit

1. Environmental monitoring and assessment

Seed

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemicals

Mangifera indica has 130 reported phytochemicals identified across 30 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Mangiferin, Flavonoids, Gallic acid, polyphenols, quercetin.

Mangiferin

1. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
2. Tissue & cell
3. Frontiers in nutrition
4. Journal of ethnopharmacology
5. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)

Flavonoids

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Tissue & cell
3. Natural product research
4. Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

Gallic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
3. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
5. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)

polyphenols

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)
4. International journal of molecular sciences
5. Nutrients

quercetin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Tissue & cell
3. Medicines (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology
5. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)

Lupeol

1. Oncogene
2. Food chemistry
3. Frontiers in pharmacology

METHYL GALLATE

1. Scientific reports
2. Tissue & cell
3. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)

COPPER

1. Dr. Duke
2. Ancient science of life

Carotenoids

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences

MGF

1. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

Activities

Mangifera indica has 603 reported activities identified across 30 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Antimicrobial, Analgesic, Antibacterial.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Malaria journal
3. Journal of the science of food and agriculture
4. Pharmacognosy magazine
5. Current pharmaceutical design

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
3. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
4. Pharmaceutical biology
5. Omics : a journal of integrative biology

Antimicrobial

1. Journal of the science of food and agriculture
2. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
3. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology
4. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Tissue & cell
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
5. BioFactors (Oxford, England)

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. The journal of contemporary dental practice
4. Pharmacognosy research
5. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of the science of food and agriculture
3. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
4. BioFactors (Oxford, England)

Antiinflammatory

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
4. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Antiviral

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
4. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Cytotoxic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Current computer-aided drug design
4. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Antiallergic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
3. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Conditions

Mangifera indica has 75 reported investigations on conditions identified across 30 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include malaria, inflammation, antidiabetic, cancer, obesity.

Malaria

1. Acta parasitologica
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. BioImpacts : BI
4. Tropical medicine and health
5. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Inflammation

1. Tissue & cell
2. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
3. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
4. International immunopharmacology
5. Pharmacological research

Antidiabetic

1. Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry
2. Pharmaceutical biology
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. BioFactors (Oxford, England)

Cancer

1. Current pharmaceutical design
2. Current computer-aided drug design
3. Food science & nutrition

Obesity

1. Bioinformation
2. Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology

Streptococcus mutans

1. Indian journal of dental research : official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research
2. Pharmacognosy magazine

Antioxidant

1. Pharmaceutical biology
2. BioFactors (Oxford, England)

Antiviral

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

Breast cancer

1. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)
2. Food science & nutrition

Neurodegenerative disorders

1. Frontiers in pharmacology
2. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology

Preparations

Mangifera indica has 40 reported preparations identified across 30 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include leaves, Ethanolic extracts, aqueous extract, bark, bark and leaf.

Leaves

1. Acta parasitologica
2. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
3. Natural product research
4. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)

Ethanolic extracts

1. PloS one
2. Fitoterapia

Aqueous extract

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology

Bark

1. BioMed research international
2. Breast cancer (Dove Medical Press)

Bark and leaf

1. Malaria journal
2. Advances in pharmacological sciences

Ethanol extracts

1. Tropical biomedicine
2. Pakistan journal of biological sciences : PJBS

Extracts

1. Future journal of pharmaceutical sciences
2. Bioscience reports

Stem bark

1. Natural product research
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Dhc-1

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Mib and mil; bark and leaf

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine