Milton

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Milton
• apple
• manzano
• cultivated apple
• orchard apple
• paradise apple
• Common Apple
• apple tree
• domestic apple
• Domesticated Apple

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Pyrus malus var. abortiva
• Malus communis var. rosea
• Pyrus malus var. rubelliana
• Malus communis var. vetan
• Pyrus malus sargentii
• Malus communis var. api
• Malus batavica
• Malus caspiriensis
• Pyrus pulverulenta
• Malus calvilla
• Malus communis var. corallina
• Pyrus prasomila
• Malus communis var. coronata
• Pyrus pumila
• Malus calvilla alba
• Malus domestica subsp. hybrida
• Pyrus sylvestris var. sativa
• Pyrenia malus
• Malus dioica
• Pyrus malus var. hortensis
• Pyrus malus tomentosa
• Malus chitralensis
• Pyrus malus striatofasciata
• Pyrus malus subsp. megamila
• Pyrus malus var. cavillea
• Malus communis var. nigra
• Pyrus malus costata
• Malus communis var. mitis
• Pyrus malus var. cestiana
• Pyrus malus conica
• Malus communis var. oblonga
• Pyrus malus pendula
• Pyrus malus var. plena
• Malus communis subsp. pumila
• Pyrus malus subsp. praecox
• Malus communis var. reneta
• Pyrus malus var. prasomila
• Malus prasomila var. lutea-serotina
• Malus pumila f. plena
• Malus pumila subsp. praecox
• Malus sylvestris subsp. sieversii
• Malus tatarica
• Malus violacea
• Malus violacea eyresii
• Malus viridis
• Malus anetica
• Malus upsalensis
• Malus anetica rubra
• Malus astracanica
• Malus anisophylla
• Malus apetala
• Pyrus tomentosa
• Pyrus malus frutescens
• Malus domestica subsp. intermedia
• Sorbus malus
• Malus domestica subsp. italotaurica
• Malus domestica subsp. macrocarpa
• Malus domestica subsp. medioasiatica
• Malus montalivetia
• Malus passipoma
• Malus passipoma alba
• Malus paradisiaca
• Malus praecox var. paradisiaca
• Malus prasomila var. lutea-praecox
• Pyrus malus var. sieversii
• Malus communis var. austera
• Pyrus malus
• Malus communis var. coccinea
• Pyrus eryostyla
• Malus communis var. domestica
• Malus communis subsp. mitis
• Malus communis f. mitis
• Pyrus malus subsp. costata
• Malus prasomila
• Malus pumila f. pendula
• Malus × dasyphylla f. pendula
• Pyrus malus subsp. prasomila
• Pyrus malus lusus aucubifolia
• Malus × dasyphylla var. reneta
• Malus persicifolia
• Malus sieversii f. longicarpa
• Pyrus astracanica
• Pyrus fontanesiana
• Malus sieversii var. linczevskii
• Malus sieversii f. linczevskii
• Malus sylvestris var. frutescens
• Malus sylvestris var. tomentosa
• Pyrus malus var. amara
• Pyrus malus var. frutescens
• Pyrus malus subsp. conocarpa
• Pyrus malus var. appiana
• Pyrus malus var. strepens
• Malus communis var. chinensis
• Pyrus malus var. domestica
• Malus paradisiaca var. pumila
• Malus niedzwetzkyana
• Malus hissarica var. heterogena
• Malus jarmolenkoi
• Malus juzepczukii
• Malus kudrjaschevii
• Malus linczevskii
• Pyrus epirotica
• Pyrus divisa
• Pyrus chitralensis
• Pyrus dioica
• Malus dolichomorpha
• Pyrus cestiana
• Pyrus fontanesia
• Malus domestica var. api
• Pyrus cavillea
• Malus domestica var. calvillea
• Malus domestica subsp. caucasica
• Pyrus malus var. niedzwetzkyana
• Pyrus malus lusus nigra
• Pyrus malus oblongus
• Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca
• Pyrus malus proles paradisiaca
• Pyrus malus subsp. paradisiaca
• Malus cylindracea
• Pyrus malus var. tomentosa
• Malus × dasyphylla var. chinensis
• Pyrus malus transitoria
• Malus × dasyphylla f. dioeca
• Pyrus malus var. translucens
• Pyrus malus f. translucens
• Malus × dasyphylla var. domestica
• Pyrus malus lusus translucens
• Malus praecox f. pyramidale
• Pyrus malus var. ussuriensis
• Pyrus malus var. wojejkowii
• Pyrus malus hortensis
• Malus × dasyphylla var. gellidus
• Pyrus malus subsp. hortensis
• Pyrus malus var. minor
• Pyrus niedzwetzkyana
• Malus communis var. depressa
• Pyrus malus proles domestica
• Pyrus malus var. epirotica
• Pyrus malus var. eriostyla
• Pyrus malus subsp. striata
• Pyrus malus floribunda
• Malus communis var. fasciata
• Pyrus malus fruticosa
• Pyrus malus monstr. apetala
• Malus communis var. gellida
• Pyrus malus var. apetala
• Pyrus malus var. astracanica
• Malus communis var. joannis
• Pyrus malus var. aucubifolia
• Malus sylvestris var. domestica
• Malus communis var. loiseleurii
• Pyrus malus var. austera
• Malus communis var. paradisiaca
• Pyrus malus lusus pendula
• Malus communis subsp. paradisiaca
• Pyrus malus var. pendula
• Malus communis var. ponderosa
• Pyrus malus plana
• Malus communis var. provincialis
• Pyrus malus plena
• Malus communis var. pumila
• Pyrus malus subsp. pumila
• Malus communis var. sabulosa
• Pyrus malus var. pumila
• Malus communis var. sativa
• Pyrus malus regia
• Malus communis var. siccifolia
• Pyrus malus rosea
• Malus communis var. sieversii
• Pyrus malus var. rossica
• Pyrus pumila var. domestica
• Malus calvilla rubra
• Pyrus saxatilis
• Malus columbella
• Pyrus rubelliana
• Malus columbella alba
• Pyrus songarica
• Malus domestica var. coccineus
• Pyrus sieversii
• Malus domestica var. roseus
• Malus domestica subsp. rossica
• Malus domestica subsp. occidentalieuropaea
• Malus domestica var. paradisiaca
• Malus domestica var. parmaenea
• Malus domestica var. ponderosus
• Malus domestica var. praecox
• Malus dulcissima var. subsessilis
• Malus domestica subsp. pumila
• Malus domestica var. renettea
• Malus fontanesiana
• Malus glabra
• Malus frutescens
• Malus hissarica
• Malus hissarica var. mironovii
• Malus hissarica var. variegata
• Malus livida
• Malus pumila var. domestica
• Malus pumila var. joannis
• Malus pumila
• Malus pumila f. apetala
• Malus persicifolia var. popovii
• Malus prasomila augustiana
• Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana
• Malus pumila var. paradisiaca
• Malus pumila var. persicifolia
• Malus pumila var. subsessilis
• Malus pumila f. translucens
• Malus rambura
• Malus rambura aestivalis
• Malus santonum
• Malus sieversii
• Malus sieversii var. anisophylla
• Malus sieversii f. anisophylla
• Malus sieversii var. caspiriensis
• Malus sieversii f. cerea
• Malus sieversii var. chitralensis
• Malus sieversii var. dilatata
• Malus sieversii f. dragavzevii
• Malus sieversii var. dulcis
• Malus sieversii f. flava
• Malus sieversii f. flavorosea
• Malus sieversii f. flavorubens
• Malus sieversii f. gilva
• Malus sieversii var. hemisphaerica
• Malus sieversii var. hissarica
• Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica
• Malus sieversii subsp. hissarica
• Malus sieversii var. hissarica
• Malus sieversii var. hissarica
• Malus sieversii f. insipida
• Malus sieversii f. jarmolenkoi
• Malus sieversii var. jarmolenkoi
• Malus sieversii var. juzepczukii
• Malus spumosa
• Malus schischkinii
• Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii
• Malus sieversii var. kudrjaschevii
• Malus sieversii f. kudrjaschevii
• Malus sieversii f. laetevirida
• Malus sieversii var. linczevskii
• Malus sieversii f. linczevskii
• Malus sieversii var. longicarpa
• Malus sieversii f. media
• Malus sieversii var. niedzwetzkyana
• Malus sieversii f. niedzwetzkyana
• Malus sieversii f. ochrorubra
• Malus sieversii var. pamiralaica
• Malus sieversii f. pavlovii
• Malus sieversii var. persicifolia
• Malus sieversii f. poljakovii
• Malus sieversii f. pomacea
• Malus sieversii f. purpureofasciata
• Malus sieversii f. reflexa
• Malus sieversii f. rubrifasciata
• Malus sieversii f. rubrolateralis
• Malus sieversii f. schischkinii
• Malus sieversii var. schischkinii
• Malus sieversii var. spherocarpa
• Malus sieversii f. spherocarpa
• Malus sieversii f. suffusa
• Malus sieversii var. tianschanica
• Malus sieversii f. viridicerea
• Malus sieversii f. viridifasciata
• Malus sieversii f. viridirubra
• Malus sieversii f. viridis
• Malus sieversii f. viridula
• Malus sieversii var. vvedenskyi
• Malus sieversii f. xanthella
• Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetzkyana
• Malus sylvestris var. paradisiaca
• Malus sylvestris subsp. paradisiaca
• Malus sylvestris subsp. praecox
• Malus sylvestris var. praecox
• Malus sylvestris subsp. pumila
• Malus tianschanica
• Malus tomentosa
• Malus turbinoides

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Rosales, it is a member of the Rosaceae family. It is scientifically classified under the genus Malus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, known scientifically as Malus domestica, exhibits a specific distribution across several regions in Northern Europe. Its presence can be documented within the borders of Denmark. Furthermore, it is found growing throughout the landscape of Finland. The species also extends its range to include the territories of Great Britain and Ireland. Finally, its geographical reach encompasses the coastal and inland areas of Norway.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Malus domestica is characterized by its adaptability across diverse topographical gradients and varied environmental niches. It thrives in habitats such as forests, forest edges, riverine areas, and shrubberies, which provide the necessary structural complexity and moisture availability for its growth. The species exhibits a broad vertical distribution, ranging from low-lying areas at 50 m AMSL to high-altitude environments reaching a maximum of 3000 m AMSL. On average, this plant is found at an elevation of approximately 1641.67 m AMSL, reflecting its ability to colonize a wide spectrum of montane and sub-montane ecological zones.

Elevational range max:

3000 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

1641.66666666667 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

50 m AMSL

Habitat :

forest, forest edges, rivers, shrubberies

Life history

The life history of Malus domestica is characterized by a perennial lifecycle, allowing the plant to persist through multiple growing seasons and reach significant maturity over many years. As a woody species, its growth habit is classified as a phanerophyte, a life form where the perennating buds are elevated well above the ground level on permanent stems. This phanerophytic structure is further specified by its development as a phanerophyte, ensuring its survival and reproductive capacity through various seasonal changes by maintaining its structural integrity and bud protection high above the soil surface.

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Malus domestica is characterized by a woody growth form that manifests as either a tree or a shrub. As a terrestrial species, it is neither aquatic nor an epiphyte, growing independently of other plants as a non-parasitic, independent organism. The plant is self-supporting rather than a climber, such as a vine or liana. In terms of stature, the plant height varies significantly, with a minimum height of 2 m, a mean height of 11 m, and a maximum height reaching up to 14 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

14 m

Plant height mean:

11 m

Plant height min:

2 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Malus domestica is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and environmental adaptations. The leaf morphology exhibits significant variability, with leaf lengths ranging from a minimum of 4 cm to a maximum of 13 cm, maintaining a mean length of 7.875 cm. Correspondingly, the leaf width varies from a minimum of 3 cm to a maximum of 6 cm. These dimensions contribute to a mean Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of 258.4 cm²/g, reflecting the plant's leaf mass distribution and resource investment strategies. Furthermore, the structural integrity of the plant is supported by its stem, which possesses a mean stem specific density (SSD) of 640 mg/cm³.

Leaf length max:

13 cm

Leaf length mean:

7.875 cm

Leaf length min:

4 cm

Leaf width max:

6 cm

Leaf width min:

3 cm

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

258.4 cm²/g

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

640 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproduction of Malus domestica is characterized by a biotic pollination syndrome, specifically relying on insects for successful fertilization. The flowering period typically commences in April and concludes in May, with individual flowers measuring between 3 cm and 3.5 cm in length. Notably, self-fertilization is absent, necessitating cross-pollination to facilitate the development of its fruit. The resulting fruit is classified as a fleshy pome, which exhibits a mean length of 2.875 cm (ranging from 2 cm to 4.5 cm) and a consistent mean width of 2 cm. For the purpose of seed dispersal, the plant utilizes a zoochorous strategy, specifically endozoochory, where seeds are dispersed via the digestive tracts of animals. The seeds themselves are relatively small, with a mean mass of approximately 0.02586 g (ranging from 0.0222 g to 0.0329 g) and a uniform volume of 23 mm³.

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

endozoochorous

Flower length max:

3.5 cm

Flower length min:

3 cm

Flowering time :

Apr

Flowering time :

May

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length max:

4.5 cm

Fruit length mean:

2.875 cm

Fruit length min:

2 cm

Fruit type :

pome

Fruit width max:

2 cm

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Seed mass max:

0.0329 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0258599335 g

Seed mass min:

0.0222 g

Seed volume max:

23 mm³

Self fertilization :

absent

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Malus domestica has 1 reported plant parts identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf.

Leaf

1. BioMed research international

Chemicals

Malus domestica has 403 reported phytochemicals identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include quercetin, Flavonoids, pectin, Phloridzin, Ursolic acid.

quercetin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food chemistry
3. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)
4. International journal of molecular sciences
5. Fitoterapia

Flavonoids

1. International journal of molecular sciences
2. Fitoterapia
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica
5. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

pectin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Arzneimittel-Forschung
3. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
4. Nutrients
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Phloridzin

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. BioMed research international

Ursolic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Fitoterapia
3. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

ascorbic acid

1. Dr. Duke
2. Food science & nutrition
3. Acta poloniae pharmaceutica

phloretin

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

polyphenols

1. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Food & function
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Apple Polyphenol

1. Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)
2. Atherosclerosis

Ash

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Activities

Malus domestica has 820 reported activities identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Anticancer, Hepatoprotective, Hypolipidemic, 11B-HSD-Inhibitor.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Scientific reports
3. International journal of molecular sciences
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Food chemistry

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. International journal of molecular sciences
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association

Hepatoprotective

1. Dr. Duke
2. Fitoterapia
3. Food chemistry
4. Food & function

Hypolipidemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Pharmaceutical biology

11B-HSD-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

5-HT-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

ACE-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

AP-1-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Medicinal Uses

Malus domestica has 34 reported medicinal uses identified across 1 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include cancer, Staphylococcus aureus, breast cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammation.

Most Reported Uses

Preparations