What to know about Maclura pomifera (osage orange) before using it medicinally

Maclura pomifera, commonly known as osage orange, is a herbaceous plant with various health properties that contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular health, inflammation reduction, and antioxidant activity.

From a horticultural standpoint, Maclura pomifera is a deciduous shrub or small tree that grows up to 30 feet tall, requiring full sun to partial shade and a wide range of soil types. Botanically, it belongs to the family Moraceae and is characterized by its distinctive, globular fruit and pinnate leaves.

Historically, Maclura pomifera has been referenced by indigenous cultures in North America for its use in folk medicine and as a natural pest control agent.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Maclura pomifera.

What are the medicinal properties of Maclura pomifera?

Maclura pomifera helps with various health issues, including fever reduction, pain relief, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has been used to treat various ailments, such as snake bites, skin conditions, and digestive issues.

The active constituents of Maclura pomifera that give it its medicinal properties are flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, including pomiferin and 3-geranyloxy-4-methylbenzoic acid.

The most commonly used parts of the Maclura pomifera plant for medicinal purposes are the fruit, bark, and leaves. The fruit is rich in pomiferin and has been used to treat various health conditions.

When used improperly, Maclura pomifera can cause gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, and interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications.

The most common precautions to take when using Maclura pomifera medicinally include proper identification of the plant, dosing and preparation instructions, and caution when combining it with other medications or health conditions, such as pregnancy or breastfeeding.

What are the horticulural aspects of Maclura pomifera?

Maclura pomifera grow best in full sun to partial shade in USDA zones 4-8, with a tolerance for drought and well-drained soils. It can thrive in a variety of soil types, but prefers a slightly acidic to neutral pH (6.0-7.0). This species can tolerate extreme temperatures but is sensitive to root disturbance.

Planting tips for Maclura pomifera include selecting a location with adequate space for mature tree size, typically 30-60 feet in diameter. Dig a planting hole 2-3 times the width of the root ball, and mix in a balanced fertilizer. Plant in early spring or fall to minimize transplant shock. Water thoroughly and mulch around the tree to retain moisture.

Harvesting fruit from Maclura pomifera trees typically begins 3-5 years after planting, with fruiting peaks in summer months. Fruit can be picked when it reaches full maturity, but can also be picked before it is ripe for drying or other purposes. The fruit is a key source of food for wildlife, particularly birds and mammals.

Pests and diseases affecting Maclura pomifera include the osage orange caterpillar, which feeds on leaves and twigs, and can cause significant damage. Other pests include Japanese beetles and borers. Common diseases include fungal infections such as powdery mildew and root rot, which can be managed through proper pruning and sanitation practices.

What are the botanical aspects of Maclura pomifera?

Maclura pomifera is a deciduous tree or shrub that grows up to 50 feet tall with a spread of 40 feet. Its bark is grayish-brown, and its leaves are pinnately compound with 9-13 leaflets.

Maclura pomifera belongs to the family Moraceae, which is a family of flowering plants that also includes figs and mulberries. It is placed in the genus Maclura, which consists of only two species. Its taxonomic classification is: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Rosales, Family: Moraceae, Genus: Maclura, Species: M. pomifera.

Several variants of Maclura pomifera exist, including the 'Rocky Mountain' variety, which is smaller than the typical species, and the 'Walter's' variety, which is known for its bright yellow fruit. Additionally, the 'Dwarf' variety is often cultivated for its compact growth habit.

Maclura pomifera is native to the warm temperate and subtropical regions of North America, including the United States and Mexico. It has been naturalized in parts of China and has been introduced to other regions as an ornamental plant. It grows in well-drained soils and full sun.

The life cycle of Maclura pomifera begins with seed germination, which typically occurs in the fall. The seedling develops its first set of true leaves in the spring, and it reaches maturity in 5-7 years. The tree produces showy white flowers in late spring, followed by the development of its distinctive orange fruit in the summer.

What are the historical aspects of Maclura pomifera?

Maclura pomifera is a deciduous tree that has been used for various purposes throughout history. In the 18th century, the Osage people used its wood for making bows, while European settlers employed it for fencing and other practical applications.

In Osage mythology, the tree is associated with the creation of the world, and its fruit is believed to have been given to the people by the spirits. The tree is also linked to the Osage creator, Grandmother Spider, who is said to have used its wood to make the world's first bow.

The osage orange has a range of symbolic meanings across different cultures. In the United States, it is often associated with the American West, while in Mexico, it is seen as a symbol of fertility. In some African cultures, the tree is linked to protection and good luck.

The historical texts of Maclura pomifera are scattered throughout the literature of the 18th and 19th centuries. The tree is mentioned in the works of European explorers, such as Mark Catesby, who documented its use by the Osage people in his book "The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands".

Historical artifacts related to Maclura pomifera include a wooden bow exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution, which is believed to have been made from the tree's wood. Additionally, a collection of Osage artifacts, including a bow and quiver, are on display at the Missouri History Museum.