What to know about Lycium chinense (goji berries) before using it medicinally

Lycium chinense, commonly known as goji berries, is a herb-rich in antioxidants that have been found to improve cardiovascular health, reduce inflammation, and boost immune function.

As a deciduous shrub, Lycium chinense is relatively low-maintenance and easy to cultivate in warm and dry climates, making it a popular choice for gardeners. Botanically, Lycium chinense is characterized by its small, oval-shaped berries and its ability to thrive in poor soil conditions.

With a history dating back over 2,000 years, Lycium chinense has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and is mentioned in the classic text "Bencao Gangmu" as a treatment for various ailments.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Lycium chinense.

What are the medicinal properties of Lycium chinense?

Lycium chinense helps with reducing oxidative stress, improving eye health, and supporting immune function. Its medicinal uses include treating age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and other eye problems.

The active constituents of Lycium chinense, including flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenolic acids, give it its medicinal properties. These compounds have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to the plant's therapeutic benefits.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the berries, seeds, and leaves. The berries are rich in antioxidants and carotenoids, while the seeds contain flavonoids and other bioactive compounds. The leaves have been used to treat various health conditions.

Possible side effects of Lycium chinense include allergic reactions, digestive issues, and interactions with medications. Improper use or excessive consumption of the plant can lead to adverse effects, particularly in individuals with pre-existing health conditions.

Precautions when using Lycium chinense medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional, following recommended dosages, and monitoring for potential interactions with medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use the plant under medical supervision.

What are the horticulural aspects of Lycium chinense?

Lycium chinense grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They can tolerate temperatures from -20°C to 40°C (-4°F to 104°F) and require adequate moisture during the growing season.

To plant Lycium chinense, choose a location with good air circulation and space the plants 3-6 feet apart. Plant bare-root or seedlings in early spring or fall, and water thoroughly. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Goji berries are typically ready for harvest 6-9 months after planting. Harvest the fruit when it is fully ripe, usually in late summer or early fall. Remove the entire cluster of berries, as cutting individual stems can damage the plant. Harvest at the right stage to ensure the best flavor and quality.

Common pests of Lycium chinense include the goji berry moth, which can cause damage to the fruit and leaves, and spider mites, which can cause yellowing of the leaves. Fungal diseases such as root rot and leaf spot can also occur if the plants are waterlogged or if the soil is too moist.

What are the botanical aspects of Lycium chinense?

Lycium chinense is a perennial shrub in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The plant grows up to 3 meters tall, with woody stems and branches, and has small, ovate leaves that are 3-7 cm long. The leaves are dark green and have a leathery texture.

Lycium chinense is classified in the following taxonomic hierarchy: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Solanales, Family: Solanaceae, Genus: Lycium, Species: L. chinense. It is closely related to other Lycium species, such as L. barbarum.

The plant has several variants, including L. chinense var. chinense and L. chinense var. glabrum. The former is found in the eastern part of China, while the latter is found in the western part of the country. Variants may differ in leaf shape, size, and color, as well as in the size and color of the berries.

Lycium chinense is native to China and is also found in other parts of Asia, including Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It is typically grown in regions with a subtropical to temperate climate, with mild winters and hot summers. The plant thrives in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Lycium chinense begins with seed germination, which typically occurs in the spring. The seedling grows into a shrub, producing leaves and flowers in the first year. Berries develop in late summer and early fall, turning from green to red to purple as they ripen. The plant produces new stems and branches each year, with the old stems eventually dying back.

What are the historical aspects of Lycium chinense?

Lycium chinense is an ancient plant used for medicinal and culinary purposes in traditional Chinese medicine. It has been employed for centuries to promote longevity and vitality. Goji berries are a staple in many traditional Chinese recipes.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the goji berry is associated with the legend of the Eight Immortals. The berry is said to have been cultivated in the paradise of the immortals, granting them eternal life. The berry's association with longevity and immortality is deeply rooted in Chinese culture.

The goji berry is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, and longevity in Chinese culture. It is often depicted in traditional Chinese art as a symbol of abundance and fertility. The berry's red color is also associated with good luck and prosperity.

The use of goji berries is documented in several historical Chinese texts, including the Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, a classic Chinese pharmacopoeia. The text describes the berry's medicinal properties and uses it to treat various ailments. The text also describes the berry's nutritional value.

Goji berries have been found in ancient Chinese artifacts, including terracotta figurines from the Qin dynasty. These figurines depict individuals consuming goji berries, highlighting the berry's importance in traditional Chinese medicine and culture.