What to know about Lycium barbarum (goji berry) before using it medicinally

Lycium barbarum, commonly known as goji berry, is a plant with numerous health properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, which can help improve vision, boost the immune system, and protect against certain types of cancer.

In horticultural terms, Lycium barbarum is a shrub-like plant that can grow up to three meters in height and requires well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade to thrive. Botanically, the plant belongs to the Solanaceae family and is characterized by its bright red or orange berries, which are rich in nutrients and have been used for centuries as a natural remedy.

Historically, the use of Lycium barbarum dates back to ancient Chinese medicine, where the berries were valued for their health-promoting properties and were used to treat a range of conditions, from dry eyes to skin disorders.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Lycium barbarum.

What are the medicinal properties of Lycium barbarum?

Lycium barbarum helps with vision improvement, reduces inflammation, and has antioxidant properties. It has been used to treat various eye diseases, including cataracts and macular degeneration. Additionally, it is believed to have anti-aging effects.

The medicinal properties of Lycium barbarum are attributed to its active constituents, including zeaxanthin, lutein, beta-carotene, and polysaccharides. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer effects. Zeaxanthin, in particular, has been found to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the macula.

The most commonly used parts of the Lycium barbarum plant for medicinal purposes are the berries, leaves, and stems. The berries are rich in vitamins A and C, potassium, and fiber, while the leaves and stems contain flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids.

Consuming excessive amounts of Lycium barbarum may lead to gastrointestinal side effects, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, and nausea. Additionally, high doses may interact with blood thinners, diabetes medications, and blood pressure medications.

When using Lycium barbarum medicinally, it is essential to follow certain precautions. Pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and individuals with bleeding disorders should consult their healthcare provider before using the plant. Additionally, individuals with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, should be cautious when consuming the plant in large quantities.

What are the horticulural aspects of Lycium barbarum?

Lycium barbarum grow in well-drained soil with full sun to partial shade. It thrives in temperatures between 15°C and 30°C. It requires a minimum of 4-6 hours of direct sunlight per day.

Proper planting of Lycium barbarum involves planting 3-6 inch seedlings in a hole twice as wide and twice as deep as the root ball. Plant them 12-18 inches apart and 6-8 inches from any supporting stake. Water well after planting.

Harvesting goji berries occurs 60-90 days after flowering. Pick berries when they are bright red and fully ripe, as unripe berries may be toxic. Remove any immature or damaged fruit to promote healthy growth. Harvest entire clusters or individual berries.

Pests affecting Lycium barbarum include aphids, spider mites, and root-knot nematodes. Diseases include powdery mildew, fusarium wilt, and root rot. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or infection, and treat promptly with organic or integrated pest management (IPM) methods.

What are the botanical aspects of Lycium barbarum?

Lycium barbarum is a deciduous shrub that belongs to the nightshade family (Solanaceae). Its stems are woody, with a smooth grey bark, and can grow up to 3 meters in height. Leaves are elliptical, 3-8 cm long, and have a pointed tip.

Lycium barbarum is classified as a species within the genus Lycium, which is further classified within the family Solanaceae. Its taxonomic classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Asterids, Order: Solanales, Family: Solanaceae, Genus: Lycium, Species: L. barbarum.

Several variants of Lycium barbarum exist, including L. barbarum var. aurantiacum, which has yellow-orange fruits, and L. barbarum var. rubrum, which has red fruits. Other variants have been reported in different parts of Asia, but their classification is still unclear.

Lycium barbarum is native to Asia, specifically in the Himalayan region, and is widely distributed in China, Nepal, Bhutan, and other parts of Asia. It has been naturalized in the Mediterranean region, particularly in Greece and Turkey.

The life cycle of Lycium barbarum involves a dormant period during winter, followed by new growth in the spring. The plant flowers in late spring, producing small white or purple flowers that develop into berries. Berries are harvested in the fall, typically after 90-120 days of ripening. The plant then enters dormancy again, preparing for the next growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Lycium barbarum?

Lycium barbarum is a plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. In ancient China, goji berries were used to treat a range of ailments, including eye problems and high blood pressure. They were also used as a food supplement.

In ancient Chinese mythology, the goji berry was associated with the god of longevity, who was said to have granted eternal youth to those who consumed it. The fruit was also mentioned in the Chinese classic "Ben Cao Gang Mu", which described its medicinal properties. In Tibetan mythology, the goji berry was believed to have been given by the gods to the people of the Himalayas to promote longevity and fertility.

In traditional Tibetan and Chinese cultures, the goji berry is considered a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, and longevity. It is often used in rituals and ceremonies to promote good health and happiness. In some cultures, the plant is also associated with the element of fire, which is believed to bring warmth and energy to the body.

Historical texts such as "Ben Cao Gang Mu" and "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic" describe the medicinal properties of the goji berry. These texts attribute its medicinal properties to its high content of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. The goji berry was also mentioned in the works of the Chinese physician and botanist Li Shizhen.

Historical artifacts such as the "Ming Dynasty Herbal" and the "Qing Dynasty Herbal" contain illustrations and descriptions of the goji berry. These artifacts demonstrate the importance of the plant in traditional Chinese medicine and its use as a medicinal and culinary ingredient. The goji berry was also featured in ancient Chinese artwork and pottery.