perennial lupine

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• perennial lupine
• sundial lupine
• blue-bean
• wild lupine

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. As a member of the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Fabales, it falls under the family Fabaceae. Specifically, it is identified by its genus, Lupinus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse range of locations across the European continent. In Northern Europe, its presence can be documented in the country of Norway. Moving into Middle Europe, it is found growing in both Austria and the Czechia-Slovakia region. The distribution extends to Southwestern Europe, specifically within the borders of France. Finally, its reach continues into Southeastern Europe, where it is located in Romania.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Life history

The life history of Lupinus perennis is characterized by its nature as a perennial species, though its developmental trajectory can exhibit variability depending on environmental conditions and resource availability. As a perennial, the plant is capable of surviving multiple growing seasons, typically establishing a robust root system that allows it to persist in its habitat over several years. While it maintains a perennial lifecycle, individual plants may occasionally display biennial-like behavior in their initial growth phases as they focus on vegetative establishment before transitioning to reproductive maturity. Throughout its life, the plant undergoes seasonal cycles of leaf development, flowering, and seed production, utilizing its perennial structure to endure dormancy during unfavorable periods and emerge repeatedly to contribute to the population through both vegetative persistence and the dispersal of seeds.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Lupinus perennis is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb, specifically classified as a forb. This plant is a self-supporting organism, lacking any climbing, vine, or liana tendencies, and it functions as an independent species rather than a parasite. It is strictly a terrestrial plant, showing no aquatic, semiaquatic, or epiphytic characteristics. The structure is defined by its herbaceous, non-woody nature, which supports its upright development in its natural habitat.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Lupinus perennis is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency in temperate environments. This carbon assimilation strategy is closely integrated with its morphological adaptations, as evidenced by a mean Specific Leaf Area (SLA) of 167.43 cm²/g. This relatively high SLA value suggests a leaf structure optimized for efficient light interception and gas exchange, reflecting a physiological strategy that balances resource acquisition with the structural requirements of its canopy.

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

167.43 cm²/g

Reproduction

The reproduction of Lupinus perennis is primarily driven by the production of seeds, which exhibit specific morphological characteristics regarding their weight. The seed mass of this species shows a narrow range of variation, with a calculated mean seed mass of approximately 0.0215308335 g. Within the observed population, the individual seed masses fluctuate between a minimum value of 0.020917 g and a maximum value of 0.0246 g. These precise measurements reflect the consistency in the energy allocation and nutrient density provided to each seed during the reproductive cycle.

Seed mass max:

0.0246 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0215308335 g

Seed mass min:

0.020917 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Chemicals

Lupinus perennis has 3 reported phytochemicals identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 17-Oxolupanine, ANAGYRINE, genistein.

17-Oxolupanine

1. Journal of environmental pathology and toxicology

ANAGYRINE

1. Journal of environmental pathology and toxicology

genistein

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Lupinus perennis has 72 reported activities identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Abortifacient, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor, Antiaggregant, Antiangiogenic.

Abortifacient

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Antiaggregant

1. Dr. Duke

Antiangiogenic

1. Dr. Duke

Antiatherosclerotic

1. Dr. Duke

Anticancer (Breast)

1. Dr. Duke

Anticarcinomic (Breast)

1. Dr. Duke

Anticlimacteric

1. Dr. Duke

Antiendoccytotic

1. Dr. Duke