peyote

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Indian-dope
• cactus pudding
• devil's-root
• diabolic-root
• divine cactus
• dry-whiskey
• dumpling cactus
• mescal-button
• mescal-buttons
• turnip cactus
• whiskey cactus
• white-mule

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Ariocarpus williamsii
• Echinocactus williamsianus
• Mammillaria lewinii
• Lophophora pluricostata
• Echinocactus lewinii
• Lophophora jourdaniana
• Echinocactus lewinii
• Lophophora lewinii
• Echinocactus williamsii
• Lophophora lewinii
• Echinocactus williamsii var. anhaloninicus
• Lophophora lutea
• Echinocactus williamsii var. luteus
• Lophophora pentagona
• Echinocactus williamsii var. pellotinicus
• Lophophora echinata
• Lophophora williamsii var. cristata
• Lophophora williamsii subsp. grymii
• Lophophora lutea var. texana
• Anhalonium lewinii
• Lophophora echinata var. lutea
• Anhalonium williamsii
• Lophophora williamsii var. texana
• Lophophora williamsii var. pluricostata
• Lophophora williamsii var. pentagona
• Lophophora williamsii var. lutea
• Lophophora williamsii var. lewinii
• Lophophora williamsii var. echinata
• Lophophora williamsii var. decipiens
• Mammillaria williamsii

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, known scientifically as Lophophora williamsii, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it is classified under the order Caryophyllales and the family Cactaceae. Ultimately, it is placed within the genus Lophophora.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a specific distribution pattern across North America. In the South-Central United States, it can be found within the state of Texas. Its range extends significantly into Mexico as well. Within Mexico, the species is documented in the Northeast region. Additionally, it is present throughout the Southwest part of the country.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Life history

The life history of Lophora williamsii is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, meaning it persists through multiple growing seasons rather than completing its cycle within a single year. As a long-lived perennial, the plant establishes a stable presence within its ecological niche, undergoing seasonal cycles of vegetative growth and reproductive phases. This life strategy allows the species to accumulate biomass and resources over several years, which can support more robust flowering events compared to annual or biennial species. Throughout its lifespan, the plant navigates various developmental stages, relying on its perennial nature to endure environmental fluctuations and ensure long-term survival within its habitat.

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Lophophora williamsii is characterized by a woody structure and a growth form classified as a shrub, exhibiting a self-supporting habit rather than acting as a climber or a vine. As an independent organism, it does not function as a parasite or an epiphyte, maintaining a strictly terrestrial existence within its habitat. Although its ecological niche can vary, its physical development is defined by its non-climbing, self-supporting nature and its woody composition.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Woodiness :

woody

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Chemicals

Lophophora williamsii has 20 reported phytochemicals identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include mescaline, Anhalamine, Anhalidine, Anhalinine, Anhalonidine.

mescaline

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of natural medicines
3. Revista de neurologia
4. Journal of ethnopharmacology
5. Current biology : CB

Anhalamine

1. Dr. Duke

Anhalidine

1. Dr. Duke

Anhalinine

1. Dr. Duke

Anhalonidine

1. Dr. Duke

Anhalonine

1. Dr. Duke

Candicine

1. Dr. Duke

Hordenine

1. Dr. Duke

L-dopa

1. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology

L-tyrosine

1. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology

Activities

Lophophora williamsii has 31 reported activities identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Psychoactive, Adrenergic, Antiaggregant, Antiasthmatic, Antidiarrheic.

Psychoactive

1. Dr. Duke
2. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology

Adrenergic

1. Dr. Duke

Antiaggregant

1. Dr. Duke

Antiasthmatic

1. Dr. Duke

Antidiarrheic

1. Dr. Duke

Antifeedant

1. Dr. Duke

Bronchorelaxant

1. Dr. Duke

CNS-Active

1. Dr. Duke

CNS-Depressant

1. Dr. Duke

Cancer-Preventive

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Lophophora williamsii has 2 reported investigations on conditions identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include alcoholism, hallucinogens.

Alcoholism

1. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse

Hallucinogens

1. Revista de neurologia