What to know about Lithospermum erythrorhizon (red shiso) before using it medicinally

Lithospermum erythrorhizon, commonly known as red shiso, is a herb that has been used for centuries to promote health and well-being, thanks to its high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds that help to boost the immune system and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

This versatile herb is widely cultivated in Asia and Europe for its ornamental and medicinal properties, and is often grown in gardens and greenhouses for its attractive red flowers and purple foliage. Botanically, Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a member of the Boraginaceae family, characterized by its distinctive square stems and calyxes with four lobes.

The herb has a rich history of use in traditional medicine, dating back to the Edo period in Japan, where it was prized for its ability to treat a range of ailments, including fever, digestive issues, and skin conditions.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon.

What are the medicinal properties of Lithospermum erythrorhizon?

Lithospermum erythrorhizon helps with inflammation, fever, and menstrual cramps. Its medicinal properties also aid in treating wounds, skin conditions, and respiratory issues. The plant's extracts have been used to reduce pain and promote digestion. Its antioxidant properties are also beneficial.

The active constituents of red shiso include lithospermic acid, shisonin, and flavonoids. These compounds are responsible for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Lithospermic acid, in particular, has been shown to inhibit the growth of certain bacteria and viruses.

The leaves, roots, and stems of the plant are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The leaves contain the highest concentration of lithospermic acid and flavonoids, while the roots are used for their anti-inflammatory properties. The stems are also used to treat fever and menstrual cramps.

Improper use of red shiso can cause side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and diarrhea. Prolonged use of the plant's extracts can also lead to kidney and liver damage. Allergic reactions to the plant's active constituents are also possible.

Precautions should be taken to avoid allergic reactions and interactions with other medications. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using red shiso due to its potential effects on fetal development and milk production. Dosage and preparation should also be carefully monitored to avoid toxicity.

What are the horticulural aspects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon?

Lithospermum erythrorhizon grow in well-drained soils with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It thrives in full sun to partial shade conditions, tolerating temperatures from 15°C to 30°C. Watering should be regular, but avoid overwatering to prevent root rot.

For optimal growth, plant red shiso in late spring or early summer, when the danger of frost has passed. Space plants 30-60cm apart, and mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds. Red shiso can be grown in containers, using a potting mix with good drainage.

Red shiso leaves are ready for harvest when they reach their full color and size, typically within 60-90 days after planting. Harvest leaves by cutting the stem at the base, leaving a small portion of stem attached to the plant. Regular harvesting encourages new growth and prevents the plant from flowering.

Common pests affecting red shiso include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Regular inspection and prompt control can prevent infestations. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot can also occur, often due to overwatering or poor air circulation.

What are the botanical aspects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon?

Lithospermum erythrorhizon is a perennial herb with erect stem, reaching 30-60 cm in height, having basal leaves that are lanceolate to ovate, and a inflorescence bearing red flowers in clusters.

The taxonomical classification of Lithospermum erythrorhizon is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Family: Boraginaceae, Genus: Lithospermum, Species: L. erythrorhizon. The species is also known as Perilla erythrorhiza or Perilla frutescens var. rubra.

Several variants of Lithospermum erythrorhizon have been identified, including 'Atsuryo' and 'Rubra'. These variants differ in their leaf shape, flower color, and plant growth habit. They are cultivated for their ornamental value and for use in traditional medicine.

Lithospermum erythrorhizon is native to East Asia, specifically in China, Japan, and Korea. It is also cultivated in other parts of Asia and in the Americas for its edible leaves and flowers. The plant grows in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade.

The life cycle of Lithospermum erythrorhizon typically consists of a vegetative growth stage, a reproductive stage, and a dormant stage. The plant grows vegetatively in the spring, produces flowers in the summer, and enters dormancy in the winter. It usually flowers in 60 to 90 days after sowing the seeds.

What are the historical aspects of Lithospermum erythrorhizon?

Lithospermum erythrorhizon is an herb with a long history of medicinal and culinary use. In traditional Chinese medicine, it was used to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal disorders. Its leaves and roots were used for their antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. The plant was also used as a food ingredient, adding a distinctive flavor and color to dishes.

In Japanese mythology, red shiso is associated with the god of the sea, Ryujin, and is said to have the power to purify water and prevent diseases. The plant is also mentioned in the Kojiki, a 7th-century Japanese text that describes the myths and legends of the country. In Shintoism, the plant is considered sacred and is used in rituals to purify and cleanse.

Red shiso has significant symbolic meanings in various cultures. In Japan, it represents good luck, longevity, and fertility. In China, it is associated with the element of fire and represents courage, strength, and energy. In Korean culture, the plant is considered a symbol of love and fidelity.

Historical texts that mention red shiso include the Bencao Gangmu, a 16th-century Chinese text that describes the medicinal properties of various plants, and the Nakayama Kicho, a 17th-century Japanese text that lists the plant's uses and benefits. The plant is also mentioned in the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, which published a paper on its medicinal properties in the 19th century.

Historical artifacts that feature red shiso include ancient Chinese ceramic vessels that depict the plant, and Japanese scrolls that illustrate its medicinal and culinary uses. The plant is also shown in traditional Japanese art, such as woodblock prints and paintings, which often depict its distinctive red leaves and stems.