Mexican-sage

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Mexican-sage

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Goniostachyum graveolens
• Lippia palmeri f. spicata
• Lippia microphylla var. fasciculata
• Lippia sidoides
• Lippia sidoides f. flaccida
• Lantana origanoides
• Lantana origanoides var. sampaionis
• Lippia origanoides var. sampaionis
• Lippia obscura
• Lippia palmeri
• Lippia palmeri var. spicata
• Lippia polycephala
• Lippia polycephala var. aemilii
• Lippia pendula
• Lippia rigida
• Lippia rivalis
• Lippia salviifolia
• Lippia rubiginosa var. dives
• Lippia rubiginosa var. pauper
• Lippia schomburgkiana
• Lippia graveolens
• Lippia graveolens f. loeseneriana
• Lippia graveolens f. macrophylla
• Lippia graveolens f. microphylla
• Lippia mattogrossensis
• Lippia elegans
• Lippia elegans var. macrophylla
• Lippia elegans var. obtusifolia
• Lippia glandulosa
• Lippia candicans
• Lippia berlandieri
• Lippia berteroi
• Lippia velutina

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. It falls under the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Lamiales, specifically within the family Verbenaceae. Ultimately, it is categorized under the genus Lippia.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a specific geographical distribution spanning parts of North America. In the South-Central United States, it can be found growing in New Mexico and Texas. Its presence extends significantly into Mexico, where it inhabits the central regions. Furthermore, the species is documented throughout Northeast Mexico. Finally, it is also distributed across the Gulf region of Mexico.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Lippia origanoides is characterized by its remarkable adaptability to diverse Brazilian biomes and a broad altitudinal distribution. It thrives across a wide array of habitats, ranging from the semi-arid Caatinga (strictu sensu) and the specialized rocky outcrops of Campo Rupestre to the more humid environments of Floresta Ciliar (or Galeria), Floresta de Terra Firmre, and Floresta Ombrófila (pluvial). Additionally, its ecological niche encompasses the Carrasco, the Cerrado (lato sensu), and the Amazonian Savanna. This versatility is further reflected in its significant elevational range, as the species can be found at altitudes starting as low as 30 m AMSL and extending up to a maximum of 2520 m AMSL.

Elevational range max:

2520 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

30 m AMSL

Habitat :

Caatinga (stricto sensu), Campo Rupestre, Carrasco, Cerrado (lato sensu), Floresta Ciliar ou Galeria, Floresta de Terra Firme, Floresta Ombrófila (= Floresta Pluvial), Savana Amazônica

Life history

The life history of Lippia origanoides is characterized by its classification as a perennial organism, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons rather than completing its cycle within a single year. Regarding its structural growth patterns and life forms, the plant exhibits characteristics consistent with both nanophanerophyte and phanerophyte classifications, indicating a diverse range of development depending on environmental conditions and the height of its visible stems. This biological profile suggests a robust survival strategy capable of maintaining perennial presence within its ecological niche through varied vegetative structures.

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Lippia origanoides is characterized by its growth form as a woody shrub, reaching an average plant height of approximately 2 meters. As a terrestrial species, it is neither aquatic nor semi-aquatic, and it functions as an independent organism rather than a parasite. The plant is self-supporting in its structure, lacking the climbing habits of vines or lianas, and it does not exhibit epiphytic tendencies, remaining strictly terrestrial in its habitat. Its physical constitution is defined by its woodiness, which supports its shrubby architecture and upright development.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

2 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Lippia origanoides is characterized by complex metabolic pathways focused on the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds, particularly monoterpenes such as thymol and carvacrol, which serve as essential secondary metabolites for defense against herbivory and microbial pathogens. The plant exhibits specialized glandular trichomes on its leaf surfaces that facilitate the sequestration and controlled release of these essential oils. In terms of nutrient acquisition and soil interaction, Lippia origanoides does not function as a nitrogen fixer, meaning it lacks the symbiotic relationship with diazotrophic bacteria required to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia; instead, it relies on the uptake of inorganic nitrogen sources, such as nitrates and ammonium, from the soil through its root system. Its physiological processes are further adapted to thrive in various environmental conditions, utilizing efficient photosynthetic mechanisms to drive carbon fixation and supporting robust growth through optimized transpiration and water-use efficiency.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Reproduction

The reproduction of Lippia origanoides is characterized by a reliance on biotic mechanisms, primarily driven by complex interactions with various biological agents. The plant exhibits a biotic pollination syndrome, meaning its reproductive success is heavily dependent on living organisms rather than abiotic factors like wind or water. Specifically, the pollination process is facilitated by insects, which serve as the primary vectors for pollen transfer. This insect-mediated strategy encompasses a diverse range of pollinators, including bees, butterflies, and other specific insect groups, which ensure the genetic exchange necessary for seed production. Through these biotic pathways, the plant effectively utilizes animal vectors to navigate its reproductive cycle and maintain population stability.

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Lippia origanoides has 2 reported plant parts identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, root.

Leaf

1. Journal of food science
2. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Chemistry & biodiversity

Root

1. Magnetic resonance in chemistry : MRC

Chemicals

Lippia origanoides has 28 reported phytochemicals identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include CARVACROL, THYMOL, P-CYMENE, naringenin, Pinocembrin.

CARVACROL

1. Dr. Duke
2. Fitoterapia
3. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Frontiers in nutrition
5. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]

THYMOL

1. Dr. Duke
2. Fitoterapia
3. Pharmaceutical biology
4. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))

P-CYMENE

1. Fitoterapia
2. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of food science
4. Medicinal chemistry (Shariqah (United Arab Emirates))
5. ACS omega

naringenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. Pharmaceutical biology
4. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry
5. Journal of chromatography. A

Pinocembrin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry
4. Journal of chromatography. A

ERIODICTYOL

1. Chemistry & biodiversity
2. Journal of chromatography. A

Flavonoids

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)

Glycosides

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Fitoterapia

Carvacrol acetate

1. Journal of food science

Cirsimaritin

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Activities

Lippia origanoides has 123 reported activities identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Analgesic, Anthelmintic.

Antimicrobial

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. Veterinary world
4. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chemistry & biodiversity
3. Food research international (Ottawa, Ont.)
4. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Scientific reports

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Scientific reports
3. ACS omega

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Anthelmintic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Veterinary parasitology

Antiinflammatory

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Anxiolytic

1. Chemistry & biodiversity
2. Scientific reports

Cytotoxic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Experimental parasitology

Sedative

1. Dr. Duke
2. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

11B-HSD-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Lippia origanoides has 14 reported investigations on conditions identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Chagas disease, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus.

Chagas disease

1. Experimental parasitology
2. Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)

Escherichia coli

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Salmonella enteritidis

1. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Salmonella typhimurium

1. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Staphylococcus aureus

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Staphylococcus aureus infections

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Antioxidant

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Anxiolytic

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Biofilm

1. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Preparations

Lippia origanoides has 19 reported preparations identified across 5 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include essential oil, essential oils, ethanolic extracts, Lippia sidoides essential oil, EO.

Essential oil

1. Frontiers in nutrition
2. Veterinary world
3. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
4. ACS omega
5. Veterinary parasitology

Essential oils

1. Fitoterapia
2. Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society
3. Journal of food science
4. Experimental parasitology
5. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Ethanolic extracts

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)
2. RSC advances
3. International journal of environmental research and public health

Lippia sidoides essential oil

1. Veterinary parasitology
2. Chemistry & biodiversity

Eo

1. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)

Essential oils

1. Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)

Loeo

1. Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)

Lseo

1. Micron (Oxford, England : 1993)

Uae and sfe extracts

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Aerial portions

1. Journal of medicinal food