What to know about Lippia citriodora (lemon verbena) before using it medicinally

Lippia citriodora, commonly known as lemon verbena, is a herb renowned for its exceptional health properties, which include its ability to alleviate stress and anxiety, as well as its capacity to boost the immune system.

In terms of horticultural aspects, Lippia citriodora is a relatively low-maintenance herb that thrives in warm and dry environments, making it a popular choice for gardens and indoor spaces. Botanically speaking, Lippia citriodora is a member of the Verbenaceae family and is characterized by its fragrant leaves and small white flowers.

Historically, Lippia citriodora has been used for centuries in traditional medicine and perfumery, with ancient Greeks and Romans praising its calming and uplifting properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Lippia citriodora .

What are the medicinal properties of Lippia citriodora ?

Lippia citriodora helps with anxiety, insomnia, and digestive issues due to its calming and carminative properties. It is also used to alleviate headaches, colds, and coughs. The plant's fragrance and essential oils are used in aromatherapy for relaxation.

The active constituents of Lippia citriodora include limonene, citral, and geraniol, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Limonene has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, while citral has antispasmodic and antihelmintic effects. Geraniol is a natural antiseptic and anti-inflammatory agent.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves and the essential oil. The leaves are used in teas, infusions, and tinctures to relieve digestive issues and promote relaxation. The essential oil is used in aromatherapy and as a topical application to relieve pain and inflammation.

Possible side effects of using Lippia citriodora improperly include skin irritation, allergic reactions, and interactions with other medications. The essential oil can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes if used in high concentrations. Excessive consumption of the plant can lead to stomach upset and nausea.

Common precautions when using Lippia citriodora medicinally include proper dilution of the essential oil, avoiding use during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and consulting with a healthcare professional before using the plant to treat any medical condition.

What are the horticulural aspects of Lippia citriodora ?

Lippia citriodora grow best in well-draining soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It requires full sun to partial shade, and can tolerate temperatures between 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Annual rainfall of 30-60 cm (12-24 in) is suitable.

Planting tips for Lippia citriodora include using container-grown plants in spring or autumn, spacing them 30-60 cm (12-24 in) apart, and mulching around the base to retain moisture. It's essential to provide a frost-free environment, as temperatures below 0°C (32°F) can be damaging. Prune established plants after flowering to maintain shape.

To harvest Lippia citriodora, pick leaves and stems as needed, or trim the plant back by one-third to one-half in mid-summer. Harvesting too much foliage at once can be detrimental, as this can cause the plant to become leggy. Pinch or cut off flower spikes to direct the plant's energy towards leaf production.

Common pests affecting Lippia citriodora include spider mites, mealybugs, and scale. Diseases like root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can also occur due to overwatering, poor air circulation, or fungal pathogens. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of pests or disease and take prompt action if necessary.

What are the botanical aspects of Lippia citriodora ?

Lippia citriodora is an evergreen shrub or small tree that grows up to 6 meters tall, with a dense, spreading crown and a single main stem. The bark is smooth and gray, and the leaves are lance-shaped and aromatic.

Lippia citriodora belongs to the family Verbenaceae, with the genus Lippia comprising about 200 species of shrubs and small trees. The specific name "citriodora" is derived from the plant's characteristic citrus-like fragrance.

There are several variants of Lippia citriodora, including the cultivar 'Citronella', which has a stronger lemon scent and is often used for perfumes and potpourri. Other variants include 'Compacta' and 'Dwarf'.

Lippia citriodora is native to the subtropical and tropical regions of Central and South America, from Mexico to Argentina, and the Caribbean islands. It has been naturalized in many parts of the world, including the Mediterranean region.

The life cycle of Lippia citriodora typically takes 2-3 years to complete, with a single plant producing thousands of seeds. The seeds germinate after a few weeks, and the seedlings develop into mature plants in about 1-2 years.

What are the historical aspects of Lippia citriodora ?

Lippia citriodora is an herb that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, cooking, and perfumery. Its leaves and stems were used to make teas, infusions, and syrups for their aromatic and medicinal properties.

In Greek and Roman mythology, lemon verbena was associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite, and the god of the sea, Poseidon. The plant was said to have been born from the tears of the gods, and its fragrance was believed to evoke the scent of the ocean.

The symbolic meanings of lemon verbena vary across cultures. In some traditions, it represents purification, healing, and spiritual growth, while in others, it symbolizes love, loyalty, and fidelity. Its citrusy scent was also believed to ward off evil spirits.

Historical texts such as the Greek physician Dioscorides' "De Materia Medica" and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia" describe the medicinal properties of lemon verbena. Dioscorides wrote that the plant was used to treat indigestion, while Pliny noted its use in perfumes and culinary preparations.

Archaeological artifacts from ancient civilizations, such as Egyptian tombs and Greek ceramics, feature depictions of lemon verbena leaves and flowers. The plant's fragrance was also used in the production of perfumes and incense, as evidenced by the discovery of perfume vessels and incense burners with lemon verbena residues.