What to know about Levisticum officinale (lovage) before using it medicinally

Levisticum officinale, commonly known as lovage, is a versatile herb that has been prized for its medicinal and culinary properties for centuries.

With its ability to aid digestion, reduce inflammation, and lower blood pressure, this herb has become a staple in many natural health remedies. As a hardy perennial, Levisticum officinale is relatively easy to grow, preferring well-drained soil and full sun, making it a popular choice for gardeners.

Historically, the herb was first mentioned by the Greek physician Dioscorides, who noted its use in treating a variety of ailments, and was later adopted by European herbalists, including Culpeper, who included it in his famous herbal compendium.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Levisticum officinale.

What are the medicinal properties of Levisticum officinale?

Levisticum officinale helps with digestive issues, such as bloating and gas, due to its carminative and anti-inflammatory properties. It also reduces stress and anxiety by acting as a nervine sedative and promoting relaxation. Lovage is used to treat urinary issues, including kidney stones and gravel. Its diuretic properties also help with hypertension management.

Lovage's medicinal properties are attributed to its volatile oil, sesquiterpenes, and flavonoids, which exhibit antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. The essential oil of lovage contains pinene, limonene, and beta-pinene, which contribute to its therapeutic effects.

The rhizome, leaves, and seeds of Levisticum officinale are used for medicinal purposes. The rhizome is typically dried and used in teas, while the leaves are used fresh or dried for teas and infusions. The seeds are used in herbal remedies for their diuretic and carminative properties.

Improper use of lovage can lead to allergic reactions, such as skin irritation, and gastrointestinal issues, like nausea and vomiting. Lovage also interacts with certain medications, including blood thinners and diabetes medications, which may result in adverse effects.

Precautions when using lovage medicinally include avoiding its use in pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as in individuals with kidney or liver disease. Lovage should also be used in moderation, as excessive consumption may lead to adverse effects.

What are the horticulural aspects of Levisticum officinale?

Levisticum officinale grow best in well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0, in full sun to partial shade, and require at least 1 inch of water per week. Lovage is a hardy perennial that tolerates frost and drought.

Plant lovage seeds 1-2 inches deep and 12-18 inches apart in the spring after the last frost. Transplant seedlings 6-12 inches apart in the summer. Lovage prefers a moist, rich soil, but can also grow in dry areas. Mulch around plants to retain moisture.

Harvest lovage leaves and stems at any time, but preferably when young and tender. Cut the plant back after harvesting to encourage new growth. Harvest seeds in late summer, when the flowers have turned brown and dried. Lovage roots can be harvested in the fall.

Lovage is susceptible to fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and downy mildew. Aphids, slugs, and snails can also affect lovage. Regularly inspect plants for signs of pests or diseases and treat promptly. Keep the area around plants weed-free to reduce the risk of disease.

What are the botanical aspects of Levisticum officinale?

Levisticum officinale is a perennial herb native to the Mediterranean region. Its stem is erect, growing up to 1.5 meters tall, with a diameter of 5-10 cm, and has a distinctive, hollow, ribbed and striated texture. Leaves are pinnate, 5-15 cm long, with 5-7 pairs of leaflets. Flowers are white or yellowish, arranged in umbels.

Levisticum officinale is classified as a member of the Apiaceae family, also known as carrot family, and is a single species within the genus Levisticum. Its taxonomic classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Family: Apiaceae, Genus: Levisticum, Species: L. officinale. Its close relatives include Angelica and Ligusticum.

There are several variants of Levisticum officinale, including the Italian variety, which is more compact and has smaller leaves, and the Hungarian variety, which has larger flowers. Some cultivars are also used for their edible roots, which are said to have a sweet, parsnip-like flavor.

Levisticum officinale is native to the Mediterranean region, but has been naturalized in many parts of Europe, including the UK, France, and Germany. It prefers well-drained soil and full sun, and is often found growing in dry, sandy areas. In North America, it has been introduced as a cultivated plant and is grown in many gardens.

The life cycle of Levisticum officinale begins with germination in the spring, when the seeds are planted in well-drained soil. The plant grows throughout the summer, producing flowers and seedheads, which are used for propagation. In the fall, the plant dies back, but the roots remain viable and can be harvested for their edible roots. In the following spring, the plant regenerates from the roots, and the cycle repeats.

What are the historical aspects of Levisticum officinale?

Levisticum officinale is a perennial herb that has been used for culinary and medicinal purposes for centuries. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was used as a seasoning and to treat various ailments, including indigestion and insomnia. Its use also extended to medieval Europe, where it was considered a "kitchen medicine".

In Greek and Roman mythology, Lovage was associated with the god of the underworld, Hades, and was said to have been used in rituals to ensure a safe passage to the afterlife. The plant was also linked to the goddess of the harvest, Demeter, and was believed to promote fertility and abundance. This mythological significance may have contributed to its widespread use.

Lovage has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In medieval Europe, it was seen as a symbol of protection and good luck, often displayed in homes and gardens to ward off evil spirits. In some Slavic cultures, it was associated with purification and was used in rituals to cleanse the body and soul. Its protective properties were also revered.

The historical texts that mention Lovage are primarily from ancient Greece and Rome. The Greek physician Dioscorides wrote extensively about the plant's medicinal properties in his book "De Materia Medica", while the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder noted its use as a food seasoning and medicine in "Naturalis Historia". These texts provide valuable insights into the plant's historical use.

Lovage has left its mark on history through various artifacts, including ancient Greek and Roman pottery and coins featuring images of the plant. In medieval Europe, illustrations of Lovage appeared in herbal texts and illuminated manuscripts, such as the "Treasurer of Secrets" by the medieval alchemist, Pseudo-Democritus. These artifacts demonstrate the plant's significance in ancient and medieval cultures.