air plant
Kalanchoe pinnata · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Extensive (467 studies) · ★★★★★
Air plant, scientifically known as Kalanchoe pinnata, is a versatile succulent renowned for its remarkable healing properties. Often called the "miracle leaf," it is widely utilized in traditional medicine to treat wounds, inflammation, and respiratory issues. Its thick, fleshy leaves serve as a natural remedy across various global cultures.
Names
Common Names
- Leaf Of Life
- Loveplant
- Mala Madre
- Mother of Thousands
- Mother-in-law
- Mexican loveplant
- airplant
- cathedral-bells
- curtainplant
- floppers
- good-luck-leaf
- lifeplant
- miracle-leaf
- tree-of-life
- Goethe Plant
- Green Mother Of Millions
- Miracle Leaf
- cathedral bells
Regional and Traditional Names
Spanish:
- Bryophyllum pinnatum
- Sedum madagascaricum
- Kalanchoe pinnata var calcicola
- Bryophyllum calycinum
- Crassula pinnata
- Hoja de aire
- Kalanchoe pinnata var. calcicola
- Pinnata de cotiledón
- hoja del aire
- Hoja del aire de Madagascar
- Tronadora de Madagascar
German:
- Goethepflanze
- Goethe-Pflanze
- Echte Goethepflanze
- Schwiegermutterpflanze
French:
- Bryophyllum pinnatum
- Kalanchoé penné
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Kalanchoe pinnataSynonyms
- Cotyledon calycina
- Crassula pinnata
- Bryophyllum germinans
- Cotyledon rhizophylla
- Vereia pinnata
- Crassuvia floripendia
- Cotyledon pinnata
- Kalanchoe calcicola
- Bryophyllum pinnatum
- Cotyledon calyculata
- Bryophyllum calcicola
- Baumgartenia sobolifera
- Bryophyllum calycinum
- Kalanchoe pinnata var. calcicola
- Kalanchoe pinnata var. floripendula
- Bryophyllum pinnatum simplicifolium
Taxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Saxifragales, it is classified under the family Crassulaceae. Finally, its taxonomic designation concludes with the genus Kalanchoe.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Saxifragales | WCVP |
| Family | Crassulaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Kalanchoe | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant exhibits a wide geographical distribution across several key regions. Within the Macaronesia archipelago, it can be found inhabiting the Azores and the Canary Islands. It is also established in the islands of Cape Verde and Madeira. Furthermore, its range extends beyond these Atlantic islands to West Tropical Africa. Specifically, the species is recorded as growing in the nation of Benin.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Macaronesia | Azores | WCVP |
| Macaronesia | Canary Is. | WCVP |
| Macaronesia | Cape Verde | WCVP |
| Macaronesia | Madeira | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Benin | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Gambia | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Ghana | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Guinea | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Ivory Coast | WCVP |
| West Tropical Africa | Liberia | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, known scientifically as Kalanchoe pinnata, is a versatile medicinal herb where almost every part holds therapeutic value. The most prominent feature is its thick, fleshy leaves, which are characterized by their scalloped edges and succulent texture. Each individual leaf acts as a reservoir for potent bioactive compounds, which can be released through the application of fresh leaf juice directly to skin irritations or wounds. Furthermore, scientific studies often utilize various leaf extracts to isolate specific phytochemicals for pharmacological research. Because of its multifaceted benefits, the whole plant is frequently utilized in traditional medicine to treat a wide range of ailments, ranging from respiratory issues to inflammatory conditions.| Plant Part | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| leaf | Acta tropica (and other 16 sources) | ★★★★★ |
Chemicals
Kalanchoe pinnata has 60 reported phytochemicals identified across 16 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, kaempferol, quercetin, quercitrin, BERSALDEGENIN 1,3,5-ORTHOACETATE.
| Chemical | Supporting sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | 5 supporting sources | ★★★☆☆ |
| kaempferol | 4 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| quercetin | 4 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| quercitrin | 3 supporting sources | ★★☆☆☆ |
| BERSALDEGENIN 1,3,5-ORTHOACETATE | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Bryophyllin A | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Bryophyllin C | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Friedelin | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| STIGMASTEROL | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| SYRINGIC ACID | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Flavonoids
- Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias
- Plant physiology and biochemistry : PPB
- Physiology and molecular biology of plants : an international journal of functional plant biology
- BMC complementary medicine and therapies
- Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
kaempferol
- Dr. Duke
- Planta medica
- Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society
- BMC complementary medicine and therapies
quercetin
- Dr. Duke
- Chemistry & biodiversity
- Planta medica
- BMC complementary medicine and therapies
quercitrin
- Phytochemistry
- Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology
- International journal of molecular sciences
BERSALDEGENIN 1,3,5-ORTHOACETATE
- Chemistry & biodiversity
- Planta medica
Bryophyllin A
- Planta medica
- Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
Bryophyllin C
- Chemistry & biodiversity
- Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
Friedelin
- Dr. Duke
- Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society
STIGMASTEROL
- Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society
- BMC complementary medicine and therapies
SYRINGIC ACID
- Dr. Duke
- Chemistry & biodiversity
Activities
Kalanchoe pinnata has 315 reported activities identified across 16 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antihypertensive, Antiulcer.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial | Dr. Duke (and other 4 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Antioxidant | Dr. Duke (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Cytotoxic | Dr. Duke (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Antihypertensive | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Antiulcer | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Gastroprotective | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Mutagenic | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Sedative | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 11B-HSD-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Kalanchoe pinnata has 20 reported medicinal uses identified across 16 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include cancer, inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, leishmaniasis.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| cancer | Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| inflammation | Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| diabetes mellitus | Pharmaceutical biology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| hypertension | Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| leishmaniasis | Acta tropica (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| wounds | Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Diabetes mellitus | Pharmacognosy research (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| HSV 1 | Pharmaceutical biology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| HSV 2 | Pharmaceutical biology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| anxiety | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| extracts | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| leaf juice | Journal of agricultural and food chemistry (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| DCM fraction | Pharmaceutical biology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Ethanolic and methanolic extracts | Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Freeze-dried leaves | Phytochemical analysis : PCA (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| aqueous leaf extract | Phytochemistry (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| crude extract | Chemistry & biodiversity (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| decoctions derived from boiled green leaves | International journal of molecular sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| dichloromethane (DCM) fraction | Pharmaceutical biology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ethanolic extract | International journal of molecular sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |