What to know about Justicia adhatoda (adhatoda) before using it medicinally

Justicia adhatoda, commonly known as adhatoda, is a herb that has been prized for its numerous health properties, which include reducing inflammation, relieving respiratory issues, and acting as a natural antioxidant.

In terms of horticulture, adhatoda is a shrub-like plant that can be found growing in tropical regions and is known for its ability to thrive in a variety of environments. From a botanical standpoint, Justicia adhatoda is classified as a member of the Acanthaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive leaf shape and vibrant purple flowers.

The herb has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, with references to its use found in ancient Indian and Ayurvedic texts, such as the Charaka Samhita.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Justicia adhatoda.

What are the medicinal properties of Justicia adhatoda?

Justicia adhatoda helps with bronchial asthma, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues due to its expectorant and bronchodilatory properties. Its leaves and seeds have been used for centuries to relieve respiratory problems. It is also used as a cardiac stimulant.

The active constituents of Justicia adhatoda include alkaloids like vasicoline and vasicinone, flavonoids, and saponins, which give its medicinal properties. These constituents have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. They also have a role in protecting the heart and reducing stress.

The leaves and seeds of Justicia adhatoda are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The leaves are used to make a tea, while the seeds are used as a powder or in capsule form. The flowers and roots are also sometimes used, but to a lesser extent.

Improper use of Justicia adhatoda can lead to side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged use can cause liver and kidney damage. It can also interact with certain medications, such as those for heart problems and diabetes.

Precautions when using Justicia adhatoda medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before use, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and children. It is also essential to follow the recommended dosage and usage guidelines to avoid adverse effects and interactions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Justicia adhatoda?

Justicia adhatoda grow best in well-drained soils with a pH range of 5.5-7.5. It thrives in full sun to partial shade and tolerates a range of temperatures from 64°F to 90°F. Watering is moderate to dry, with an annual rainfall of 30-60 inches.

Planting Justicia adhatoda requires selecting a location with adequate air circulation. Sow seeds 1-2 inches deep and 1-2 feet apart, in a spacing that allows for 3-4 plants per square meter. Seedlings emerge in 14-21 days. Transplant when 4-6 inches tall.

Harvesting Justicia adhatoda leaves and flowers can be done continuously, as the plant regenerates new growth. For seed collection, allow the capsules to dry and split naturally. Remove seeds immediately to avoid moisture loss and store in an airtight container.

Pests and diseases affecting Justicia adhatoda include aphids, whiteflies, and caterpillars, which can be managed with neem oil or insecticidal soap. Common fungal infections are powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot, which can be treated with fungicides or improved sanitation practices.

What are the botanical aspects of Justicia adhatoda?

Justicia adhatoda is a shrub-like herb with a height of 3-6 meters and a spread of 3-4 meters. The leaves are elliptical, pointed, and have a wavy margin, measuring 4-9 cm long and 2-4 cm wide. The inflorescence is a raceme with 10-20 flowers, borne at the ends of branches.

The taxonomical classification of Justicia adhatoda places it in the family Acanthaceae. It belongs to the genus Justicia, tribe Justicieae, and is closely related to the genus Ruellia. The species is further divided into two subspecies: J. adhatoda adhatoda and J. adhatoda parvifolia.

There are two main variants of Justicia adhatoda: the white-flowered variant and the purple-flowered variant. The white-flowered variant has larger leaves and a more compact growth habit, while the purple-flowered variant has smaller leaves and a more spreading habit. The variants differ in their leaf shape and inflorescence structure.

Justicia adhatoda is native to the tropical regions of Asia, including India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia. It is widely cultivated in the tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and the Americas, and is naturalized in some parts of the world, including Hawaii and the Caribbean.

The life cycle of Justicia adhatoda is as follows: the plant grows rapidly, producing new shoots and leaves throughout the year. The flowers appear in clusters at the ends of branches, and are pollinated by bees and butterflies. The fruit is a capsule, containing 4-6 seeds, which are released when the capsule opens. The seeds germinate within a few weeks, and the new plants grow rapidly to maturity.

What are the historical aspects of Justicia adhatoda?

Justicia adhatoda is a plant native to tropical Asia, with a long history of use in traditional medicine, dating back over 2,000 years to ancient India, China, and Southeast Asia, where it was used to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and bronchitis.

In Hindu mythology, Adhatoda is associated with the goddess Bhavani, who was believed to have created the plant to treat her followers' ailments, while in Buddhist mythology, it is associated with the story of Buddha's recovery from illness. These mythological references highlight the plant's importance in ancient cultures.

In Sanskrit and Malay, Adhatoda is associated with the concept of "purification" and "cleansing," symbolizing the plant's perceived ability to purify the body and mind, while in Hinduism, it is associated with the concept of "Tamas," representing darkness and ignorance.

The ancient medical text, "Raj Nighantu," written around 1500 CE, describes Adhatoda's uses and properties, while the "Materia Medica," written by Indian physician Chakrapani Datta in the 17th century, provides a detailed account of the plant's pharmacological effects.

Archaeological findings in ancient Indian sites, such as the Indus Valley Civilization and the Harappan culture, have uncovered artifacts, including pottery and sculptures, depicting Adhatoda, demonstrating its significance in ancient Indian culture.