Juglans mandschurica

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Manchurian walnut

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is positioned in the order Fagales and the family Juglandaceae. Finally, it is categorized under the genus Juglans as the species Juglans mandshurica.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad geographical distribution spanning several distinct regions across Eurasia. In Middle Europe, its presence can be noted within Germany. Moving eastward, it is found throughout the Baltic States of Eastern Europe. The range extends further into Eastern Europe, specifically covering parts of Central European Russia. Finally, its distribution reaches the Russian Far East, where it is located in the Amur and Khabarovsk regions.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Juglans mandshurica is characterized by its preference for specific mountainous and forested landscapes, where it typically thrives in the vicinity of rivers. This species is found within an elevational range that reaches up to 2300 m AMSL, occupying specialized niches within these diverse environments.

Elevational range max:

2300 m AMSL

Habitat :

forest, mountains, rivers

Life history

The life history of Juglans mandshurica is characterized by its existence as a perennial species, ensuring long-term survival through multiple growing seasons. As a phanerophyte, the plant maintains its critical regenerative buds high above the ground on woody stems, a structural strategy that protects its growth points from various environmental stressors. This life form is consistently classified as a phanerophyte, emphasizing its robust, tree-like stature. Furthermore, the species exhibits a deciduous nature, undergoing a seasonal cycle where it sheds its foliage annually, an adaptation typically synchronized with temperate climatic shifts.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Juglans mandshurica is characterized by its growth form as a large, woody tree that typically reaches a maximum plant height of approximately 15 m. It is a self-supporting, independent organism that does not function as a climber, liana, or vine, nor does it exhibit parasitic or epiphytic behaviors, maintaining a strictly terrestrial existence. As a woody species, it develops a robust structural framework suitable for its forest habitat, standing as a prominent perennial element within its ecosystem.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

15 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Juglans mandshurica is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its metabolic processes and carbon fixation strategies. Its vegetative structure features elliptic-shaped leaves that exhibit a finely toothed margin and are devoid of both thorns and spines. These leaves vary in size, reaching a maximum length of 90 cm, while maintaining a consistent width that averages and ranges between 5.5 cm. In terms of structural composition, the plant possesses a stem specific density (SSD) with a mean value of 528 mg/cm³, reflecting its wood density and mechanical integrity. Furthermore, Juglans mandshurica does not function as a nitrogen fixer, relying instead on soil nutrient availability to support its physiological development.

Leaf form :

elliptic

Leaf length max:

90 cm

Leaf margin :

finely toothed

Leaf spines :

no

Leaf thorns :

no

Leaf width mean:

5.5 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

528 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproduction of Juglans mandshurica is characterized by a sexual cycle, as asexual reproduction is absent. The flowering period typically begins in May and concludes in June. The plant produces fleshy fruits with an average length of 3.3 cm. The seeds produced are relatively large, with a mean seed mass of approximately 6.79 g, ranging from a minimum of 4.651 g to a maximum of 9.259 g. In terms of dimensions, the seed volume varies between a minimum of 8,500 mm³ and a maximum of 12,000 mm³, maintaining a mean volume of 10,250 mm³. The dispersal syndrome for this species is classified as unspecialized, facilitating its spread through various environmental mechanisms.

Dispersal syndrome :

unspecialized

Flowering time :

May

Flowering time :

Jun

Fruit dryness :

fleshy

Fruit length mean:

3.3 cm

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Seed mass max:

9.259 g

Seed mass mean:

6.7926806875 g

Seed mass min:

4.651 g

Seed volume max:

12000 mm³

Seed volume mean:

10250 mm³

Seed volume min:

8500 mm³

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Juglans mandshurica has 4 reported plant parts identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, fruit, leaf, stem.

Root

1. Planta medica
2. Journal of separation science
3. Journal of natural products

Fruit

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Leaf

1. Journal of separation science

Stem

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Chemicals

Juglans mandshurica has 20 reported phytochemicals identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, Anthraquinones, Coumarins, Lignans, TAXIFOLIN.

Flavonoids

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Frontiers in pharmacology
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Anthraquinones

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Frontiers in pharmacology

Coumarins

1. Frontiers in pharmacology
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Lignans

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Frontiers in pharmacology

TAXIFOLIN

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Journal of separation science

Tannins

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

quercetin

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology
2. Journal of separation science

triterpenoids

1. Frontiers in pharmacology
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

1,2,6-Trigalloylglucopyranose

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Myricetrin

1. Journal of separation science

Activities

Juglans mandshurica has 5 reported activities identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antimicrobial, Antitumor, Antiviral, Bacteriostatic, Neuroprotective.

Antimicrobial

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Antitumor

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Antiviral

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Bacteriostatic

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Neuroprotective

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Conditions

Juglans mandshurica has 12 reported investigations on conditions identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, dysentery, Alzheimer disease, HIV, bacterial infections.

Cancer

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Journal of separation science
3. Frontiers in pharmacology
4. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Dysentery

1. Frontiers in pharmacology
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Alzheimer disease

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Hiv

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Bacterial infections

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Dermatosis

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Diarrhea

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Gastric ulcers

1. Frontiers in pharmacology

Hepatic cancer

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Preparations

Juglans mandshurica has 3 reported preparations identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include decoction, roots, stem-bark.

Decoction

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Roots

1. Journal of natural products

Stem-bark

1. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin