blackberry lily

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• belamcanda
• blackberry-lily
• leopard-lily
• shenan
• Blackberry Lily
• Leopard Flower
• Leopard Lily

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Vanilla domestica
• Moraea guttata
• Pardanthus chinensis
• Gemmingia chinensis
• Pardanthus sinensis
• Pardanthus nepalensis
• Bermudiana guttata
• Epidendrum domesticum
• Gemmingia chinensis f. aureoflora
• Belamcanda chinensis var. curtata
• Belamcanda chinensis f. vulgaris
• Belamcanda chinensis f. flava
• Gemmingia chinensis f. rubriflora
• Ferraria crocea
• Belamcanda flabellata
• Belamcanda pampaninii
• Belamcanda chinensis
• Belamcanda chinensis var. taiwanensis
• Ixia chinensis
• Moraea chinensis

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. It is further classified within the order Asparagales and the family Iridaceae. Finally, it is identified by the genus Iris.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a diverse geographical range spanning several distinct regions across East Asia. In the northern reaches of its habitat, it can be found growing within the Russian Far East, specifically in the Primorye region. Its distribution extends significantly into China, where it is documented throughout the South-Central territories. Furthermore, the species inhabits the island province of Hainan and the northern plains of Inner Mongolia. Finally, its presence is also noted within the Manchuria region of China.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Iris domestica is characterized by a broad altitudinal distribution, spanning from sea level up to a maximum elevation of 2500 m AMSL, with a mean elevational range centered around 2100 m AMSL. This species thrives in specific environmental niches, primarily colonizing meadows and sandy substrates. Its ability to inhabit both low-lying plains and high-altitude terrains allows it to adapt to diverse topographical landscapes, provided the soil composition aligns with its preference for meadowlands and sandy textures.

Elevational range max:

2500 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

2100 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

meadows, sand

Life history

The life history of Iris domestica is characterized by its status as a perennial plant, ensuring its long-term persistence within its ecological niche through multiple growing seasons. As a species that relies on underground storage organs to survive unfavorable environmental conditions, it is classified as a geophyte, a life form that allows it to remain dormant during periods of stress. Furthermore, its biological strategy falls under the category of a cryptophyte, meaning its perennating buds are protected beneath the soil surface, facilitating its ability to regenerate and thrive cyclically over many years.

Life form :

geophyte

Life form :

cryptophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Iris domestica is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and forb. It is a self-supporting plant that does not function as a climber or a parasite, maintaining an independent life cycle. As a terrestrial species, it is neither aquatic nor an epiphyte, growing directly in soil environments. The plant typically reaches a height ranging from a minimum of 0.6 m to a maximum of 1 m, with an average plant height of approximately 1 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

1 m

Plant height min:

0.6 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Iris domestica is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, utilizing the standard Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Its vegetative structure features lanceolate leaf forms with entire margins, providing a streamlined surface area for light interception. The plant lacks specialized defensive morphological structures, as it possesses no leaf thorns and no leaf spines. Furthermore, Iris domestica does not function as a nitrogen fixer, relying instead on soil nutrient availability rather than symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to meet its metabolic requirements.

Leaf form :

lanceolate

Leaf margin :

entire

Leaf spines :

no

Leaf thorns :

no

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Iris domestica involves both sexual and asexual mechanisms. Sexual reproduction is characterized by a biotic pollination syndrome, specifically relying on insects to facilitate the transfer of pollen. During the flowering season, which typically begins in May and concludes in June, the plant exhibits the capacity for self-fertilization. Following successful pollination, the plant produces fruit with dimensions ranging from a minimum length of 2.5 cm to a maximum of 3 cm, maintaining a mean fruit length of approximately 2.75 cm. In addition to these sexual processes, the species also utilizes asexual reproduction through above-ground methods to propagate.

Flowering time :

May

Flowering time :

Jun

Fruit length max:

3 cm

Fruit length mean:

2.75 cm

Fruit length min:

2.5 cm

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

above-ground

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Iris domestica has 4 reported plant parts identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include rhizome, leaf, root, seed.

Rhizome

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
3. Journal of natural products
4. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
5. Inflammation & allergy drug targets

Leaf

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Root

1. Organic & biomolecular chemistry

Seed

1. Bioorganic chemistry

Chemicals

Iris domestica has 49 reported phytochemicals identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Irigenin, Irisflorentin, Tectorigenin, Iridin, Tectoridin.

Irigenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
3. Journal of natural products
4. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences
5. Journal of chromatography. A

Irisflorentin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
3. Journal of natural products
4. Current drug research reviews
5. Plant biotechnology journal

Tectorigenin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry
3. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
4. Journal of natural products
5. Inflammation & allergy drug targets

Iridin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
3. Journal of natural products

Tectoridin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of natural products

Isoflavone

1. International journal of molecular sciences
2. Organic & biomolecular chemistry

Isoflavones

1. Dr. Duke
2. Plant biotechnology journal

3-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1. Dr. Duke

5,7,3'-Trihydroxy-8,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone

1. Dr. Duke

5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3',5'-trimethoxyisoflavone

1. Journal of chromatography. A

Activities

Iris domestica has 185 reported activities identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Analgesic, ACE-Inhibitor, Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor, Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker, Anorexic.

Analgesic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of pain research
3. Current drug research reviews

ACE-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker

1. Dr. Duke

Anorexic

1. Dr. Duke

AntiBPH

1. Dr. Duke

AntiCFS

1. Dr. Duke

AntiCrohn's

1. Dr. Duke

AntiHIV

1. Dr. Duke

AntiLyme

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Iris domestica has 4 reported investigations on conditions identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enteritidis, drought.

Escherichia coli

1. Microorganisms

Listeria monocytogenes

1. Microorganisms

Salmonella enteritidis

1. Microorganisms

Drought

1. International journal of molecular sciences

Preparations

Iris domestica has 9 reported preparations identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include rhizomes, "She-gan", 70% EtOH extracts, SG, ethyl acetate extract.

Rhizomes

1. Journal of natural products
2. Inflammation & allergy drug targets

"she-gan"

1. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis

70% etoh extracts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Sg

1. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences

Ethyl acetate extract

1. Journal of pain research

Leaves

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Root

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Seeds

1. Bioorganic chemistry

Traditional chinese medicine

1. Organic & biomolecular chemistry