African Stargrass

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• African Stargrass
• African potato
• Potato Stargrass
• Star Flower
• Star-Flower
• Tonic Stargrass

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Hypoxis rooperi var. forbesii
• Hypoxis rooperi
• Hypoxis patula
• Hypoxis obconica

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, Hypoxis hemerocallidea, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it is classified under the order Asparagales. It is further categorized into the family Hypoxidaceae and the genus Hypoxis.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a widespread presence across several regions in the southern portion of the continent. In South Tropical Africa, its habitat extends through the territories of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Moving into the Southern Africa region, it can be found growing within the borders of Botswana. The species is also documented throughout the Cape Provinces. Additionally, its geographical range encompasses the mountainous terrain of Lesotho.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Hypoxia hemerocallidea is defined by its broad adaptability across diverse altitudinal gradients, allowing it to inhabit a wide variety of landscapes. This species thrives within a significant elevational range, spanning from as low as 30 m AMSL to a maximum altitude of 1800 m AMSL. This vast vertical distribution suggests that the plant can tolerate diverse microclimates, ranging from warmer, lowland environments to cooler, montane ecological zones. Such a wide altitudinal niche indicates a high degree of environmental plasticity, enabling it to persist in various soil types and moisture regimes found across these different elevations.

Elevational range max:

1800 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

30 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Hypoxia hemerocallidea is characterized by a perennial lifecycle, allowing the plant to persist in its environment over multiple growing seasons. Structurally, it functions as a geophyte, relying on specialized underground storage organs to survive unfavorable conditions and facilitate regrowth. This survival strategy is further defined by its classification as a cryptophyte, meaning its vital regenerative buds are protected below the soil surface, ensuring long-term persistence through seasonal environmental shifts.

Life form :

geophyte

Life form :

cryptophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Hypoxia hemerocallidea is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb, manifesting as a small-statured plant. It functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor an epiphyte, as it maintains a terrestrial existence. The plant is self-supporting rather than a climber, liana, or vine, and its height is relatively diminutive, ranging from a minimum of 0.05 m to a maximum of 0.5 m. Although its habitat can be categorized within a spectrum of aquatic, semiaquatic, and terrestrial environments, its primary morphological classification is terrestrial.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

0.5 m

Plant height min:

0.05 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Hypoxis hemerocallidea is characterized by a metabolic framework that utilizes the C3 photosynthetic pathway, a process where carbon dioxide is fixed directly into a three-carbon compound during the initial stage of the Calvin cycle. This pathway is typical of most temperate and many tropical herbaceous species, relying on the enzyme RuBisCO to facilitate carboxylation within the mesophyll cells. To support its growth and the production of its bioactive secondary metabolites, the plant manages gas exchange and water use through stomatal regulation, balancing the intake of CO2 against transpiration rates. The energy derived from this C3 carbon fixation drives the complex biochemical synthesis of hydroxypyrrolizidine alkaloids and other medicinal compounds found within its tuberous structures.

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Hypoxis haemerocallidea is characterized by the production of minute seeds that exhibit significant variability in weight. The seed mass within a population is distributed across a specific range, with a minimum recorded mass of 0.00065 g and a maximum mass reaching up to 0.00239 g. On average, the seed mass for this species is approximately 0.001733333 g, reflecting the delicate and lightweight nature of its reproductive units.

Seed mass max:

0.00239 g

Seed mass mean:

0.001733333 g

Seed mass min:

0.00065 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Hypoxis hemerocallidea has 2 reported plant parts identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, root.

Leaf

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes
4. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

Root

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
2. Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes

Chemicals

Hypoxis hemerocallidea has 10 reported phytochemicals identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Rooperol, Hypoxoside, BETA-SITOSTEROL, GA3, Hydroxyl radical.

Rooperol

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications

Hypoxoside

1. South African journal of botany : official journal of the South African Association of Botanists = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir plantkunde : amptelike tydskrif van die Suid-Afrikaanse Genootskap van Plantkundiges
2. Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications

BETA-SITOSTEROL

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

GA3

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

Hydroxyl radical

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

KNO3

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

L-canavanine

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Phytosterol

1. Pharmaceutical biology

STIGMASTANOL

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

STIGMASTEROL

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Activities

Hypoxis hemerocallidea has 14 reported activities identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Anticholinergic, Anticonvulsant, Antidiabetic.

Antioxidant

1. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
2. Phytotherapy research : PTR
3. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Antibacterial

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Anticholinergic

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Anticonvulsant

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Antidiabetic

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Antihyperglycemic

1. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

Antiinfective

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Antiinflammatory

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Antimotility

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Antineoplastic

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Conditions

Hypoxis hemerocallidea has 19 reported investigations on conditions identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, Diabetes mellitus, HIV, antidiabetic, antineoplastic.

Cancer

1. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Diabetes mellitus

1. Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology

Hiv

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antidiabetic

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Antineoplastic

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Antioxidant

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR

Cancers

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

Cardiac disease

1. BMC complementary medicine and therapies

Cysts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Diabetes mellitus

1. Pharmaceutical biology

Preparations

Hypoxis hemerocallidea has 11 reported preparations identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include Bulb and leaf extracts, Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract, Methanol extracts of the corms, aqueous extract, aqueous solution.

Bulb and leaf extracts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Methanol extracts of the corms

1. Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications

Aqueous extract

1. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia

Aqueous solution

1. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

Commercial product

1. Planta medica

Extracts

1. Der Urologe. Ausg. A

Leachate from dormant h. hemerocallidea corms

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Methanol (meoh) extract

1. Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia

Water and ethanol extracts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology