What to know about Humulus lupulus (hops) before using it medicinally

Humulus lupulus, commonly known as hops, is an herb that has been valued for its therapeutic properties for centuries, providing relief from anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation, and promoting overall well-being.

From a horticultural perspective, hops are a perennial climbing plant that thrives in temperate climates, requiring a trellis or other support system to reach its full potential. Botanically, hops are the cones of a flowering vine that contain a mixture of resins, essential oils, and bitter acids, which contribute to their medicinal and flavoring properties.

Historically, hops have been used in brewing since ancient times, with written records of their use dating back to the 11th century in Europe.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Humulus lupulus.

What are the medicinal properties of Humulus lupulus?

Humulus lupulus helps with anxiety, insomnia, and restlessness. It has been used to treat digestive issues, such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease. Hops also exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.

The active constituents of H. lupulus include flavonoids, phenolic acids, and essential oils. These compounds contribute to its sedative, anxiolytic, and antispasmodic effects. The beta-acid and alpha-acid components are also responsible for its bitterness and medicinal properties.

The cones and leaves of H. lupulus are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The cones contain the highest concentration of essential oils and flavonoids. The leaves are also rich in these compounds, but in smaller quantities. Dried and powdered cones are commonly used in herbal remedies.

Improper use of H. lupulus can lead to sedation, drowsiness, and gastrointestinal upset. High doses may cause increased heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Long-term use can result in dependency, especially when combined with other sedatives or anxiolytics.

Precautions when using H. lupulus medicinally include avoiding concurrent use with other sedatives or anxiolytics. Hops can also interact with blood thinners, diabetes medications, and thyroid medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using H. lupulus for medicinal purposes.

What are the horticulural aspects of Humulus lupulus?

Humulus lupulus grow in USDA zones 4-9, preferring full sun to partial shade, and moist to dry soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.5. They can grow up to 15 feet tall and 6 feet wide. Regular watering is essential.

Proper planting of hops requires a trellis or support system for the vines to climb. Plant rhizomes 1-2 inches deep and 12-18 inches apart in early spring, when soil can be worked. Fertilize with a balanced fertilizer at planting and after harvesting. Mulch around the plants to retain moisture.

Harvesting hops typically begins in late summer or early fall, when cones are fully formed and dried. Cut the bines just above a node, leaving some stem for next year's growth. Harvest cones as soon as they are dry, ideally in late August or early September. Hang cones upside down to dry completely.

Hops are susceptible to various pests and diseases, including aphids, spider mites, and Japanese beetles. Powdery mildew and downy mildew are common fungal diseases affecting hop plants. Regular monitoring and treatment with integrated pest management strategies are essential to minimize damage.

What are the botanical aspects of Humulus lupulus?

Humulus lupulus is a perennial, herbaceous climber with a woody rhizome, a quadrangular stem, and opposite, oval-shaped leaves that are 3-5 inches long and 1-2 inches wide, with 3-5 lobes. The leaves are simple, alternate, and have a cuneate base. The plant has a twining habit.

Humulus lupulus is a member of the Cannabaceae family and is classified as a dioecious, herbaceous plant. It belongs to the genus Humulus, which comprises three species: H. lupulus, H. japonicus, and H. yunnanensis. The plant's botanical classification is: kingdom: Plantae, clade: Angiosperms, clade: Eudicots, clade: Asterids, order: Apiales, family: Cannabaceae, genus: Humulus, species: H. lupulus.

There are several cultivars of Humulus lupulus, including 'Cascade', 'Chinook', 'Cluster', 'Saaz', and 'Tettnanger'. These cultivars have been bred for their desirable brewing and flavor characteristics. The plant's cone morphology and essential oil composition can vary between cultivars. Some cultivars are more suitable for brewing beer than others.

Humulus lupulus is native to Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. The plant has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It thrives in well-drained soils and a temperate climate with moderate temperatures and rainfall.

The life cycle of Humulus lupulus begins with the germination of seeds in early spring. The plant grows throughout the summer months, producing flowers and cones. In the fall, the cones are harvested for brewing and the plant dies back to the ground. In the following spring, new growth emerges from the rhizome, and the cycle begins again. The plant typically flowers in July or August, and cones mature in September or October.

What are the historical aspects of Humulus lupulus?

Humulus lupulus is a plant with a long history of use in food, medicine, and rituals. Ancient Greeks and Romans used hops in beer production, while Native Americans used it for medicinal purposes. In medieval Europe, hops were used to treat insomnia and restlessness.

In ancient mythology, the hop plant was associated with the god Dionysus, who was revered for its intoxicating effects. In Celtic mythology, hops were linked to the goddess Brigid, patroness of fertility and healing. Norse mythology featured the hop plant as a symbol of protection and good luck.

The hop plant has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In medieval Europe, it represented purity and chastity, while in ancient Greece, it symbolized fertility and abundance. In modern times, hops are often used in wedding ceremonies as a symbol of fertility and prosperity.

Historical texts reveal that hops were first mentioned in ancient Greek medical texts, such as the works of Galen and Hippocrates. In the Middle Ages, the use of hops in beer production was documented in texts like the "Lexikon Medicum" by Adam of Bremen. The modern use of hops in beer production was formalized in the 16th-century book "De Re Metallica" by Georgius Agricola.

Archaeological findings have uncovered artifacts related to hop cultivation and use. Excavations at ancient Greek and Roman sites have yielded remains of hop cones and evidence of hop storage facilities. In Europe, artifacts from medieval breweries and monasteries have been discovered, providing insight into the use of hops in beer production and medicine.