Indian-elm

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Indian-elm
• jungle corktree
• Indian elm

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Ulmus integrifolia

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Rosales, it is classified under the family Ulmaceae. Finally, it is identified by its specific genus, Holoptelea.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant is widely distributed across several regions within the Indian Subcontinent. It can be found growing in the diverse landscapes of India and its neighboring territories. Specifically, its presence is documented in the lush environments of Assam and throughout Bangladesh. The species also extends its range into the rugged terrain of the East Himalaya. Additionally, this medicinal plant is known to inhabit the mountainous areas of Nepal.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Life history

The life history of Holoptelea integrifolia is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, allowing it to persist in its environment over multiple growing seasons rather than completing its cycle within a single year. As part of its seasonal rhythm, the plant exhibits a deciduous nature, meaning it sheds its foliage annually, typically in response to seasonal changes or environmental stressors. This cycle of perennial growth combined with its deciduous habit defines its long-term survival strategy and its physiological adaptation to its specific habitat.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Holoptelia integrifolia is characterized by its stature as a large, woody tree, reaching an average height of approximately 18 m. As a terrestrial species, it maintains an independent life cycle, functioning as a non-parasitic organism. Its growth habit is strictly self-supporting, lacking the climbing or vining mechanisms found in lianas or facultative climbers. The plant's structure is defined by its substantial woody composition, which supports its significant vertical development within its natural habitat.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height mean:

18 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Holoptelia integrifolia is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation process and metabolic efficiency in its natural habitat. This plant does not possess the specialized mechanisms required for nitrogen fixation, meaning it relies on external soil nutrient availability rather than symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria to meet its nitrogen requirements.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Holoptelea integrifolia is characterized by specific seed morphological traits and a specialized method of propagation. The production of seeds involves a measurable variation in weight, with the seed mass ranging from a minimum of 0.03086 g to a maximum of 0.04 g, resulting in an average seed mass of 0.03392 g. In terms of its dispersal strategy, the plant utilizes an anemochorous syndrome, meaning its seeds are primarily dispersed by the wind to facilitate colonization and spread within its habitat.

Dispersal syndrome :

anemochorous

Seed mass max:

0.04 g

Seed mass mean:

0.03392 g

Seed mass min:

0.03086 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Holoptelea integrifolia has 1 reported plant parts identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf.

Leaf

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics
2. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Chemicals

Holoptelea integrifolia has 23 reported phytochemicals identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 1,4-Naphthalenedione, Betulin, CALCIUM, CO, CR.

1,4-Naphthalenedione

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics

Betulin

1. BioMed research international

CALCIUM

1. Journal of food science and technology

CO

1. Journal of food science and technology

CR

1. Journal of food science and technology

CU

1. Journal of food science and technology

FE

1. Journal of food science and technology

Flavonoids

1. BioMed research international

Glycosides

1. BioMed research international

Hexacosanol

1. BioMed research international

Activities

Holoptelea integrifolia has 15 reported activities identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Adaptogenic, Analgesic, Anthelmintic, Anticancer.

Antibacterial

1. BioMed research international
2. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics
3. RSC advances

Adaptogenic

1. BioMed research international

Analgesic

1. BioMed research international

Anthelmintic

1. BioMed research international

Anticancer

1. BioMed research international

Antidiabetic

1. BioMed research international

Antiemetic

1. BioMed research international

Antifungal

1. BioMed research international

Antineoplastic

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Antioxidant

1. BioMed research international

Conditions

Holoptelea integrifolia has 16 reported investigations on conditions identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include inflammation, MRSA, breast cancer, cutaneous leishmaniasis, eczema.

Inflammation

1. BioMed research international
2. Journal of food science and technology

Mrsa

1. RSC advances

Breast cancer

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Eczema

1. BioMed research international

Hepatocellular cancer

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Intestinal cancer

1. BioMed research international

Leprosy

1. BioMed research international

Malaria

1. BioMed research international

Obesity

1. Ancient science of life

Preparations

Holoptelea integrifolia has 6 reported preparations identified across 2 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include acetone extract, aqueous extract, diethyl ether extract, hexane extract, n-butanol fraction.

Acetone extract

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics

Aqueous extract

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Diethyl ether extract

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics

Hexane extract

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics

N-butanol fraction

1. RSC advances

Water extract

1. Indian journal of biochemistry & biophysics