conessi-bark

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• conessi-bark
• false rubbertree
• kurchibark

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Holarrhena floribunda var. tomentella
• Holarrhena ovata
• Holarrhena wulfsbergii
• Rondeletia floribunda
• Holarrhena africana

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. Within the subclass Magnoliidae, it is further organized into the order Gentianaales and the family Apocynaceae. Finally, it is identified by the genus Holarrhena, specifically the species Holarrhena floribunda.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, known scientifically as Holarrhena floribunda, possesses a specific distribution across the West Tropical Africa region. Its presence can be documented within the borders of Benin. Furthermore, it is found growing in the territories of Burkina and Gambia. The species also extends its range into the country of Ghana. Finally, its geographical reach includes the nation of Guinea-Bissau.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Life history

The life history of Holarrhena floribunda is characterized by its status as a perennial species, allowing it to persist in its ecosystem over many growing seasons. Regarding its structural growth habit, the plant exhibits characteristics of both a phanerophyte, as it develops significant woody stems that elevate its photosynthetic organs above the ground, and a nanophanerophyte, reflecting its capacity for smaller-scale woody growth patterns.

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Holarrhena floribunda is characterized by a robust growth form, specifically classified as a tree. This woody species exhibits a significant vertical presence, with plant heights ranging from a minimum of approximately 1.52 meters to a maximum of 15.24 meters, maintaining an average height of 15 meters. It is a terrestrial plant that functions as an independent organism, showing no parasitic behavior, and it does not exist as an epiphyte. Although it possesses a self-supporting structural habit rather than acting as a liana or vine, its substantial woody architecture allows it to maintain its upright stature within its ecosystem.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

15.24018532 m

Plant height mean:

15 m

Plant height min:

1.524018532 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Holarrhrena floribunda is characterized by metabolic processes centered on nutrient acquisition and reproductive development. In terms of its nitrogen cycle interactions, the plant functions as a non-nitrogen fixer, meaning it does not possess the symbiotic relationship with diazotrophic bacteria necessary to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia; instead, it relies on the uptake of dissolved nitrates and ammonium from the soil through its root system. Its metabolic pathways are optimized for the assimilation of organic compounds to support its growth cycles and the energetic demands of its flowering stages. The plant's internal regulation involves complex hormonal signaling to coordinate seasonal physiological shifts, ensuring that resource allocation is directed toward biomass production and floral emergence based on environmental stimuli.

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Reproduction

Reproduction in Hallorrhœna floribunda is characterized by specific reproductive parameters, including the presence of self-fertilization, which allows the plant to complete its life cycle through autonomous means. The seeds produced by this species exhibit highly consistent physical dimensions, with a recorded seed volume that remains constant at a minimum, maximum, and mean value of 16 mm³. Similarly, the seed mass displays no variability in the measured data, maintaining a uniform mass across the minimum, maximum, and mean values of 0.01632 g.

Seed mass mean:

0.01632 g

Seed volume max:

16 mm³

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Holarrhena floribunda has 2 reported plant parts identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include stem, leaf.

Stem

1. Journal of natural products
2. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Leaf

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemicals

Holarrhena floribunda has 10 reported phytochemicals identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include conessine, Conessimine, ETHYL ACETATE, Holadienine, Holadysamine.

conessine

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Conessimine

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

ETHYL ACETATE

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Holadienine

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Holadysamine

1. BioMed research international

Holonamine

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Isoconessimine

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Lupeol

1. Journal of natural products

PETROLEUM ETHER

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

methanol

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Activities

Holarrhena floribunda has 3 reported activities identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antimalarial, Antibacterial, Antitumor.

Antimalarial

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM
2. Journal of natural products

Antibacterial

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

Antitumor

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Conditions

Holarrhena floribunda has 4 reported investigations on conditions identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Buruli Ulcer, Plasmodium falciparum, malaria, wounds.

Buruli ulcer

1. BioMed research international

Plasmodium falciparum

1. Journal of natural products

Malaria

1. African journal of traditional, complementary, and alternative medicines : AJTCAM

Wounds

1. Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences

Preparations

Holarrhena floribunda has 4 reported preparations identified across 3 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include Extracts of the stem barks, alkaloidal extract of the aerial parts, extracts from the bark, extracts from the leaves.

Extracts of the stem barks

1. Journal of natural products

Alkaloidal extract of the aerial parts

1. BioMed research international

Extracts from the bark

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Extracts from the leaves

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)