What to know about Hibiscus sabdariffa (roselle) before using it medicinally

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as roselle, is a herb rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds that have been shown to have numerous health benefits, including lowering blood pressure and improving antioxidant defenses.

Native to tropical Africa and Asia, this hardy shrub is a popular crop in many warm climates, prized for its vibrant red flowers and edible calyxes. Botanically speaking, Hibiscus sabdariffa is a member of the Malvaceae family and is characterized by its bright red, fleshy calyces that surround the flowers.

The herb has a rich history, dating back to ancient Egypt, where it was used as a medicinal and culinary plant, and was also revered in traditional Ayurvedic medicine.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa.

What are the medicinal properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa?

Hibiscus sabdariffa helps with weight loss, lower blood pressure, and reduce cholesterol levels due to its diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties.

The active constituents responsible for the medicinal properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa include flavonoids, anthocyanins, and ascorbic acid, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory effects.

The most commonly used parts of the plant for medicinal purposes are the calyces, which are the fleshy, red sepals surrounding the fruit, and the leaves, which are rich in vitamins and minerals.

Prolonged consumption of Hibiscus sabdariffa can cause gastrointestinal upset, such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain, especially when taken in excessive quantities.

Precautions include consulting a healthcare professional before using Hibiscus sabdariffa, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and individuals with underlying medical conditions, such as kidney or liver disease.

What are the horticulural aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa?

Hibiscus sabdariffa grow best in tropical and subtropical climates with high temperatures (25-40°C) and annual rainfall (60-100 cm). It thrives in well-draining soils with pH 5.5-7.5, and tolerates drought conditions. Adequate sunlight (6 hours/day) is essential for optimal growth.

For optimal growth, plant roselle in a location with full sun to partial shade. Sow seeds 1-2 cm deep and 30-60 cm apart in rows 1-2 m apart. Transplant seedlings 30-60 cm apart when 10-15 cm tall. Water regularly, but avoid overwatering, especially during the first month after transplanting.

Roselle flowers are ready for harvest 6-8 months after planting, when the calyces (separate from the flower) turn reddish-purple. Harvest the calyces in the morning, just after the dew has evaporated, by cutting them off at the stem. Harvest regularly to encourage continued production.

Common pests affecting roselle include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Common diseases include powdery mildew, leaf spot, and anthracnose. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or infection, and treat promptly with appropriate pesticides or fungicides.

What are the botanical aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa?

Hibiscus sabdariffa is an annual or perennial plant in the Malvaceae family, characterized by its coarse, hairy stems, oval-shaped leaves, and showy, five-petaled flowers that are typically red, pink, or purple.

Taxonomically, Hibiscus sabdariffa belongs to the kingdom Plantae, class Magnoliopsida, order Malvales, family Malvaceae, subfamily Hibiscoideae, tribe Hibisceae, and genus Hibiscus. Its specific epithet, sabdariffa, refers to the calyces, or modified leaves, of the flower.

Several variants of Hibiscus sabdariffa exist, including 'Amarantiflora' and 'Rubra', which differ in their flower color and growth habits. 'Amarantiflora' has pink flowers, while 'Rubra' has deep red flowers.

Hibiscus sabdariffa is native to tropical and subtropical regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas. It is widely cultivated in countries such as India, China, and the United States, and is naturalized in many areas.

The life cycle of Hibiscus sabdariffa begins with germination, followed by seedling establishment, vegetative growth, and flower production. The plant produces seeds, which can be harvested and replanted or stored for future use.

What are the historical aspects of Hibiscus sabdariffa?

Hibiscus sabdariffa is an ancient plant with a rich history of medicinal and culinary uses. It has been cultivated in Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean for over 3,000 years. Roselle was used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions.

In mythological references, Roselle is associated with the gods in ancient Egyptian and Greek mythology. The Egyptians revered it as a symbol of fertility, while the Greeks believed it had magical powers to protect against evil spirits. The plant was often depicted in ancient art and literature as a sacred object.

In many cultures, Roselle is a symbol of good fortune, prosperity, and wisdom. Its flowers are often used in rituals and ceremonies to honor the gods and ensure a bountiful harvest. In some African cultures, the plant is considered a sacred tree, and its leaves are used in traditional healing practices.

Historical texts such as the Ebers Papyrus and the Rhind Papyrus mention Roselle as a medicinal plant. The Ebers Papyrus, dated to around 1550 BCE, describes its use in treating fever and rheumatism, while the Rhind Papyrus, dated to around 1650 BCE, mentions its use in traditional Egyptian medicine.

Archaeological artifacts have revealed the widespread use of Roselle in ancient civilizations. Excavations in ancient Egypt, Greece, and Rome have uncovered ceramic vessels and utensils used to prepare Roselle-based remedies. The plant's seeds and fibers have also been found in ancient textile and cosmetic artifacts, highlighting its importance in ancient cultures.