What to know about Harpagophytum procumbens (devil's claw) before using it medicinally

Harpagophytum procumbens, commonly known as devil's claw, is a herb that has been traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which can help alleviate symptoms of arthritis, fibromyalgia, and other conditions.

As a hardy succulent, it thrives in arid environments and can be cultivated in a variety of conditions, making it a popular choice for gardeners and farmers. The plant's botanical name reflects its unique botanical characteristics, including its paired claw-like appendages, which are used to extract nutrients and water from the soil.

The use of Harpagophytum procumbens has a long history, dating back to the indigenous peoples of southern Africa, who have used the plant for centuries to treat a range of ailments and injuries.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Harpagophytum procumbens.

What are the medicinal properties of Harpagophytum procumbens?

Harpagophytum procumbens helps with pain relief, particularly for arthritis, back pain, and headaches. It also aids in reducing inflammation and improving sleep quality. Clinical trials support its efficacy in treating chronic pain.

The active constituents of devil's claw include harpagoside, a sesquiterpene glycoside, and iridoid glycosides. Harpagoside is responsible for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Other constituents, such as iridoid glycosides, may contribute to its sedative effects.

The tubers of the plant are the primary source of medicinal compounds. They contain a higher concentration of harpagoside compared to other parts. The roots and stems are also used, although to a lesser extent.

Improper use of devil's claw may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Interactions with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medications, are also possible.

Precautions when using devil's claw medicinally include pregnant or breastfeeding women, individuals with allergies, and those with underlying medical conditions. Consume in moderation, and consult with a healthcare professional before using as a supplement.

What are the horticulural aspects of Harpagophytum procumbens?

Harpagophytum procumbens grow in full sun to partial shade and require a well-draining soil with a pH range of 5.5 to 7.5. The plant thrives in temperatures between 15°C and 25°C, with high humidity and adequate air circulation.

When planting, dig a hole that is 30cm deep and 60cm wide, adding organic matter such as compost or manure to improve soil fertility. Plant the stem 10-15cm below soil level and water thoroughly, then reduce watering as the plant establishes. Space plants 1-2 meters apart.

For optimal harvesting, allow the plant to grow for at least 2 years, then cut back the stems to about 10cm from the ground to encourage new growth. Harvest the tubers in autumn, 3-4 months after flowering has finished. Harvest the tubers when the leaves have turned yellow and the plant is dormant.

Common pests include aphids, whiteflies, and mealybugs, while diseases such as root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can affect the plant. Regular monitoring and treatment with insecticides and fungicides can help control infestations and prevent damage to the plant.

What are the botanical aspects of Harpagophytum procumbens?

Harpagophytum procumbens is a perennial plant characterized by a trailing stem, 1-3 meters long, and a woody base. Leaves are 3-5 lobed, 7-12 cm long, and 5-10 cm wide. Flowers are small, white, and axillary. Fruits are 10-15 cm long and 2-3 cm wide.

Harpagophytum procumbens belongs to the family Pedaliaceae and is native to southern Africa. The plant is also known as Grasklokkie, Witstomp, or Hooiklokkie in Afrikaans, and as Griffe des diables in French. It is a member of the genus Harpagophytum, which consists of three species.

Three variants of Harpagophytum procumbens exist: var. procumbens, var. subcaulescens, and var. abyssinicus. These variants differ in leaf shape and size, and in the length of their stems. Var. procumbens is the most common variant and is found throughout southern Africa.

Harpagophytum procumbens is distributed throughout southern Africa, from South Africa to Mozambique, and from Namibia to Eswatini. It grows in a variety of habitats, including grasslands, savannas, and woodlands, at elevations up to 2,500 meters.

The life cycle of Harpagophytum procumbens consists of a dormant period during the winter months, followed by germination in the spring. Seedlings emerge in the summer and grow into mature plants by the end of the summer. Fruiting occurs from July to September, and the plant dies back to the ground after fruiting.

What are the historical aspects of Harpagophytum procumbens?

Harpagophytum procumbens is a plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine. It originated in South Africa and was used by indigenous peoples to treat various ailments, including pain, fever, and rheumatism.

In mythological references, devil's claw is associated with the San people's traditional healer, the "kgotla" or "doctor". The plant was considered sacred, and its use was strictly regulated by the kgotla to ensure its efficacy and safety. The San people believed that devil's claw had purifying and protective properties.

Symbolically, devil's claw is associated with strength, courage, and protection. The plant's claw-like roots are said to resemble grasping hands, signifying a connection to the earth and the ancestors. The plant's red flowers are associated with fertility and abundance. In some cultures, devil's claw is used in rituals to ward off evil spirits and misfortune.

In historical texts, devil's claw is first mentioned in the 17th-century journals of European explorers, who noted its use by indigenous peoples. Later, in the late 19th century, the plant was described by European botanists, who recognized its potential medicinal properties. The first scientific studies on devil's claw were published in the early 20th century.

Historical artifacts related to devil's claw include traditional medicine bundles and ritual objects from the San people. The plant's roots and tubers were used to make teas, infusions, and other remedies. The San people also used devil's claw in rituals to honor the ancestors and ensure a bountiful harvest.