What to know about Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) before using it medicinally

Glycyrrhiza uralensis, commonly known as licorice, is a herb that has been prized for its numerous health properties, which can help to boost the immune system, reduce inflammation, and even alleviate digestive issues.

As a versatile plant, Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a hardy perennial that thrives in a variety of environments and can be grown in temperate climates, making it an attractive option for gardeners and farmers. Botanically, the herb belongs to the legume family and is characterized by its large, branching roots and attractive foliage.

Historically, Glycyrrhiza uralensis has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, particularly in Asian cultures, where it is revered for its medicinal and spiritual properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.

What are the medicinal properties of Glycyrrhiza uralensis?

Glycyrrhiza uralensis helps with digestive issues, such as ulcers and diarrhea, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It also has antiviral and antibacterial effects, making it useful for treating respiratory infections. Additionally, licorice is used for skin issues like eczema and acne. It is also used to treat hypertension and menopausal symptoms.

The active constituents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis include glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoid saponin, and flavonoids. These compounds are responsible for the plant's medicinal properties, including its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. Glycyrrhizin, in particular, has been shown to inhibit the production of corticosteroids, which can be beneficial for treating conditions like hypertension and hypokalemia.

The root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis is the part of the plant most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The root contains a higher concentration of glycyrrhizin and other active constituents compared to the leaves and stems. The root is harvested in the summer months and then dried or processed into a powder or extract for use in traditional medicine.

When used improperly, Glycyrrhiza uralensis can cause side effects such as hypertension, hypokalemia, and edema. These effects are usually caused by the plant's ability to inhibit corticosteroid production, leading to an imbalance of electrolytes in the body. Prolonged use of the plant can also lead to symptoms like fatigue, headache, and muscle weakness.

Precautions should be taken when using Glycyrrhiza uralensis medicinally, especially for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and individuals with kidney disease. The plant should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional and in moderation, as excessive use can lead to adverse effects. Additionally, patients with hypertension, hypokalemia, or heart conditions should monitor their electrolyte levels and blood pressure when using the plant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis?

Glycyrrhiza uralensis grow best in full sun to partial shade and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It requires a dry to moist climate, with an annual rainfall of at least 800 mm. Soil should be rich in organic matter and have a moderate level of fertility.

When planting Glycyrrhiza uralensis, choose a location with good air circulation to prevent fungal diseases. Plant rhizomes or seeds in the spring or fall, spacing them 1-2 meters apart. Water regularly, but avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot.

For optimal harvesting, cut the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis 2-3 years after planting, when the plant is in its fourth to sixth year of growth. Dig up the entire root system, using a spade or fork to minimize damage. Harvest the roots in the morning, after the plant has been watered.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is susceptible to pests like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, which can be controlled using neem oil or insecticidal soap. Diseases like root rot, leaf spot, and powdery mildew can be managed by maintaining good air circulation, watering carefully, and treating with fungicides as needed.

What are the botanical aspects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis?

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a perennial legume native to Asia, characterized by its taproot and woody stems, reaching up to 2 meters in height, with a spread of 1-2 meters in diameter.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis belongs to the family Fabaceae, subfamily Faboideae, and tribe Glycyrrhizae, with two main species: Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra. Its taxonomic classification is: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Order: Fabales.

Several variants of Glycyrrhiza uralensis have been identified, including 'Ningxia', 'Shandong', and 'Gansu', differing in their glycyrrhizin content, growth habits, and geographical origins. These variants have been cultivated and bred for their unique characteristics.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, including China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. It thrives in well-drained soils and temperate climates, with annual rainfall exceeding 400 mm.

The life cycle of Glycyrrhiza uralensis spans three to four years, with germination occurring in spring and flowering in mid-summer. The plant grows rapidly during the first year, develops its root system in the second year, and reaches its peak in the third year before flowering and seed production.

What are the historical aspects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis?

Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine dating back to ancient civilizations in China, India, and the Mediterranean. It has been employed to treat various ailments, including digestive issues and respiratory problems.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythologies, licorice was associated with the god of medicine, Asclepius. According to legend, Asclepius used licorice to treat patients. Licorice was also mentioned in the ancient Hindu text, Ayurveda.

In many cultures, licorice has been imbued with symbolic meanings. In ancient Egypt, it was a symbol of fertility. In China, it represented longevity and health. Licorice was also used in wedding ceremonies as a token of good fortune.

The use of licorice is well-documented in ancient texts. The Greek physician Dioscorides wrote about its medicinal properties in the 1st century AD. Similarly, the Indian physician Charaka mentioned licorice in his treatise on Ayurvedic medicine in the 4th century AD.

Excavations have uncovered artifacts related to licorice use. Archaeologists have discovered licorice-rooted vessels in ancient tombs in Egypt. Similarly, licorice seeds have been found in ancient Chinese tombs.