maidenhair tree

Names

Common Names

• Maidenhair-tree
• gingko
• golden fossil tree
• stinkbomb tree

Regional and Traditional Names

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Ginkgo biloba f. pendula
• Ginkgo biloba var. laciniata
• Ginkgo biloba var. pendula
• Ginkgo biloba f. fastigiata
• Ginkgo biloba f. laciniata
• Ginkgo biloba f. macrophylla
• Salisburia biloba
• Ginkgo biloba f. aurea
• Pterophyllus salisburiensis aurea
• Salisburia adiantifolia var. variegata
• Salisburia adiantifolia var. laciniata
• Ginkgo biloba var. latifolia
• Ginkgo biloba aureovariegata
• Salisburia adiantifolia var. pendula
• Salisburia macrophylla
• Ginkgo macrophylla
• Ginkgo biloba var. epiphylla
• Ginkgo biloba var. fastigiata
• Ginkgo biloba f. microsperma
• Ginkgo biloba var. variegata
• Ginkgo biloba macrophylla-laciniata
• Ginkgo biloba var. macrophylla
• Ginkgo biloba var. triloba
• Ginkgo biloba var. longifolia
• Ginkgo biloba f. adiantifolia
• Ginkgo biloba f. variegata
• Ginkgo biloba var. aurea
• Ginkgo biloba f. parvifolia

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Ginkgoidae. It is uniquely positioned within the order Ginkgoales and the family Ginkgoaceae. Ultimately, it is classified under the single-species genus Ginkgo.

Distribution

This plant exhibits a wide geographical distribution that spans across several distinct regions. In Asia, its natural range includes China South-Central, China North-Central, and China Southeast. Moving toward the European continent, the species can be found in Southeastern Europe, specifically within Romania. Additionally, the plant is present in Middle Europe, notably in Austria. These diverse locations highlight the plant's ability to establish itself across various environmental zones.

Plant Parts

Chemicals

Ginkgo biloba has 387 reported phytochemicals identified across 120 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, Bilobalide, quercetin, kaempferol, Ginkgolide B.

Flavonoids

1. Dr. Duke
2. Tree physiology
3. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition
4. Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)
5. Metabolites

Bilobalide

1. Dr. Duke
2. Current microbiology
3. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
4. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM
5. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology

quercetin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
3. Journal of separation science
4. Biochemical pharmacology
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

kaempferol

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
3. Journal of separation science
4. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology
5. The American journal of Chinese medicine

Ginkgolide B

1. Dr. Duke
2. Chinese journal of natural medicines
3. Journal of molecular modeling
4. Brain research
5. Journal of AOAC International

Ginkgolide A

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of molecular modeling
3. Journal of Asian natural products research
4. Journal of AOAC International
5. European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences

Ginkgolic acids

1. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica
2. Journal of natural products
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology
5. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

RUTIN

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
3. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Journal of chromatography. A
5. Journal de pharmacie de Belgique

EGB

1. Zhonghua yi xue za zhi
2. Zhong yao cai = Zhongyaocai = Journal of Chinese medicinal materials
3. Acta pharmacologica Sinica
4. Experimental and toxicologic pathology : official journal of the Gesellschaft fur Toxikologische Pathologie
5. Journal of Korean medical science

Terpenoids

1. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition
2. Journal of molecular modeling
3. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM
4. Journal of neurochemistry
5. CNS & neurological disorders drug targets

Activities

Ginkgo biloba has 762 reported activities identified across 120 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Neuroprotective, Anticancer, Antibacterial, Hepatoprotective.

Most Reported Activities

Medicinal Uses

Ginkgo biloba has 240 reported medicinal uses identified across 120 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include dementia, Alzheimer's disease, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, oxidative stress.

Most Reported Uses

Preparations