What to know about Geranium sanguineum (bloody cranesbill) before using it medicinally

Geranium sanguineum, commonly known as bloody cranesbill, is a versatile herb prized for its medicinal and aromatic properties, which are believed to alleviate a range of health issues from inflammation and pain to anxiety and insomnia.

As a low-maintenance garden perennial, it boasts attractive foliage and vibrant flowers, making it a popular choice for horticulturists and garden designers. Botanically, Geranium sanguineum is characterized by its distinctive leaf shape and deep red, almost black, seeds that resemble a crane's bill.

Historically, the herb has been referenced in medieval herbalism and is said to have been used by the ancient Greeks and Romans for its therapeutic benefits.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Geranium sanguineum.

What are the medicinal properties of Geranium sanguineum?

Geranium sanguineum helps with menstrual issues, menopausal symptoms, and skin problems due to its astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties.

The active constituents of Geranium sanguineum include tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, which give the plant its medicinal properties. These constituents have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

The roots and leaves of Geranium sanguineum are most used for medicinal purposes, as they contain high concentrations of the active constituents. The roots are often used to treat menstrual and menopausal issues, while the leaves are used for skin problems and wounds.

Improper use of Geranium sanguineum can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, digestive issues, and interactions with other medications. Excessive use can also lead to toxicity.

When using Geranium sanguineum medicinally, it is essential to follow the recommended dosages and consult a healthcare professional. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult a healthcare professional before using the plant.

What are the horticulural aspects of Geranium sanguineum?

Geranium sanguineum grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. The plant requires a neutral to alkaline soil pH, ranging from 6.0 to 8.0, and can tolerate drought but performs best with regular watering.

For optimal growth, plant Geranium sanguineum in the spring or fall, when the weather is cooler, to prevent root disturbance and heat stress. Space plants 12 to 18 inches apart and water thoroughly after planting. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Bloody cranesbill flowers are edible, but for optimal flavor and aroma, harvest the leaves and flowers just before they reach full bloom. Pinch off any weak or damaged stems to promote bushy growth and encourage more blooms.

Pests commonly affecting Geranium sanguineum include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, while diseases such as powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot can also occur. Regularly inspect the plant for signs of infestation or infection and treat promptly with insecticidal soap or fungicides as needed.

What are the botanical aspects of Geranium sanguineum?

Geranium sanguineum is a perennial herb with a woody base, stem leaves, and showy flowers. The leaves are alternate, 4-6 cm long, and pinnate with 5-9 leaflets. The flowers are pink-purple, 2.5 cm long, and in a 5-merous cyme. The fruit is a schizocarp.

Taxonomically, Geranium sanguineum belongs to the family Geraniaceae and is native to the Balkan Peninsula. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus as Geranium sanguineum. The plant is part of the genus Geranium, which comprises over 420 species. The species name sanguineum is Latin for "blood-red".

Geranium sanguineum has several variants, including Geranium sanguineum 'Album', which has white flowers, and Geranium sanguineum 'Atropurpureum', which has dark purple flowers. The plant is also known as Geranium sanguineum var. sanguineum and Geranium sanguineum var. alpinum. The cultivars are widely cultivated for their ornamental value.

Geranium sanguineum is widely distributed in Europe, western Asia, and North Africa. It is found in rocky, stony, and dry areas, often in the mountainous regions. The plant grows on a range of soils, from sand to clay, and in a variety of habitats, including meadows, pastures, and along roadsides.

The life cycle of Geranium sanguineum begins with germination in spring, when the seedlings emerge. The plant grows rapidly, producing new leaves and stems. The flowers bloom in late spring to early summer, producing viable seeds. The seeds are dispersed in late summer, and the plant dies back in autumn. The underground rhizome overwinters, preparing for the next growing season.

What are the historical aspects of Geranium sanguineum?

Geranium sanguineum is a perennial herb that has been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. In medieval Europe, it was used to treat a range of ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin conditions. It was also used as a diuretic and to treat menstrual issues.

In Greek mythology, the blood-red flowers of the bloody cranesbill were associated with the goddess Artemis, who was said to have used the plant to heal wounds. The plant was also linked to the myth of the nymph Sanguine, who was said to have been transformed into a plant with blood-red flowers. In some cultures, the plant was seen as a symbol of fertility and abundance.

In the language of flowers, the bloody cranesbill is often associated with atonement, apology, and forgiveness. Its deep red flowers are said to symbolize the blood of Christ, and the plant is often used in funerals and other somber occasions. In some cultures, the plant is also associated with the concept of "blood sacrifice".

The bloody cranesbill is mentioned in several historical texts, including the works of Dioscorides, who wrote about its medicinal properties in the 1st century AD. In the 16th century, the herbalist John Gerard described the plant as having "bloody red flowers" and listed it as a remedy for various ailments. The plant is also mentioned in the journals of early European explorers, who brought it back to their home countries from their travels.

Several historical artifacts feature the bloody cranesbill, including a 15th-century illuminated manuscript that depicts the plant in a herbal illustration. A 17th-century still life painting by a Dutch artist features a vase of bloody cranesbill flowers as its centerpiece. In addition, the plant's image has been used in various forms of folk art, including woven baskets and embroidered textiles.