Garcinia xanthochymus ex

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Mysore Gamboge
• gambogetree
• sour mangosteen
• false mangosteen

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Stalagmitis pictoria
• Xanthochymus pictorius

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified within the phylum Streptophyta and class Equisetopsida. Under the subclass Magnoliidae, it falls into the order Malpighiales and the family Clusiaceae. Finally, it is identified by the genus Garcinia, which includes the species Garcinia xanthochymus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a wide geographical distribution across several key regions in Asia. Within China, it can be found specifically in the South-Central and Southeast territories. Its presence extends into the Indian Subcontinent, where it is documented in the state of Assam. Additionally, the species is native to the country of Bangladesh. Finally, its habitat includes the ecologically diverse regions of the East Himalaya.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Garcinia xanthochymus is characterized by a specific altitudinal distribution that dictates its habitat preferences and environmental interactions. This species typically thrives within a distinct elevational gradient, occupying various ecological niches ranging from lower foothills to mid-elevation terrains. Specifically, its presence is recorded from a minimum elevation of 300 m AMSL to a maximum elevation of 1000 m AMSL. Within this vertical range, the species maintains a central ecological stronghold at a mean elevation of approximately 800 m AMSL, suggesting that its physiological requirements and reproductive success are most optimally met within these middle-to-upper altitudinal zones.

Elevational range max:

1000 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

800 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

300 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Garcinia xanthochymus is characterized by its status as a perennial species, allowing it to establish a long-term presence within its ecological niche. Throughout its developmental stages, the plant maintains an evergreen habit, ensuring that its foliage remains functional and present across different seasons rather than undergoing a period of dormancy through leaf shedding. This combination of a long-lived lifecycle and continuous foliage supports its sustained growth and reproductive capabilities over many years.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Garcinia xanthochymus is characterized by its growth form as a woody tree that functions as an independent organism, meaning it is not a parasite. This terrestrial species exhibits a robust structure, typically reaching a plant height with a minimum of 8 m, a mean of approximately 12 m, and a maximum potential height of up to 20 m. As a self-supporting plant, it does not require climbing mechanisms such as lianas or vines to maintain its stature, nor does it exhibit epiphytic behavior, remaining strictly terrestrial in its habitat.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

20 m

Plant height mean:

12 m

Plant height min:

8 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Garcinia xanthochymus is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, indicating a carbon fixation process typical of many tropical woody species. Its vegetative structure features substantial foliage, with leaves that typically reach a mean length of 27 cm (ranging from a minimum of 20 cm to a maximum of 34 cm) and a mean width of 9 cm (varying between a minimum of 6 cm and a maximum of 12 cm). The plant possesses a robust structural composition, evidenced by a mean stem specific density (SSD) of 955 mg/cm³. Furthermore, it does not function as a nitrogen fixer, relying instead on soil-available nitrogen rather than symbiotic nitrogen-fixing mechanisms.

Leaf length max:

34 cm

Leaf length mean:

27 cm

Leaf length min:

20 cm

Leaf width max:

12 cm

Leaf width mean:

9 cm

Leaf width min:

6 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

955 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproduction of Garcinia xanthochymus is centered around the production and dispersal of its seeds, which exhibit significant morphological variability in terms of weight. The seed mass within a population shows a distinct range, with a measured minimum mass of 3.875 g and a maximum mass reaching up to 7.1428 g. When considering the overall distribution of these reproductive units, the seed mass mean is calculated at 5.5089 g. This variation in seed size suggests a diverse reproductive strategy aimed at optimizing seedling establishment in varying environmental conditions.

Seed mass max:

7.1428 g

Seed mass mean:

5.5089 g

Seed mass min:

3.875 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Garcinia xanthochymus has 4 reported plant parts identified across 10 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include fruit, seed, root, leaf.

Fruit

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
2. Journal of natural products
3. Chinese journal of natural medicines
4. Planta medica

Seed

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
2. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
3. Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids

Root

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
2. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Leaf

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Chemicals

Garcinia xanthochymus has 19 reported phytochemicals identified across 10 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Guttiferone E, Isoxanthochymol, cycloxanthochymol, guttiferone H, (+/-)-Fukugetin.

Guttiferone E

1. Journal of natural products
2. Planta medica

Isoxanthochymol

1. Journal of natural products
2. Planta medica

cycloxanthochymol

1. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry
2. Journal of natural products

guttiferone H

1. Journal of natural products
2. Planta medica

(+/-)-Fukugetin

1. Journal of natural products

1,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone

1. Phytochemistry

1,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-7,8-di(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone

1. Phytochemistry

12b-Hydroxy-des-D-garcigerrin A

1. Phytochemistry

Amentoflavone

1. Journal of natural products

Betulin

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Garcinia xanthochymus has 17 reported activities identified across 10 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Cytotoxic, AntiHIV, Antibacterial, Anticarcinomic, Antidiabetic.

Cytotoxic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie
3. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

AntiHIV

1. Dr. Duke

Antibacterial

1. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry

Anticarcinomic

1. Dr. Duke

Antidiabetic

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Antifeedant

1. Dr. Duke

Antiflu

1. Dr. Duke

Antiinflammatory

1. Dr. Duke

Antimicrobial

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Antioxidant

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Conditions

Garcinia xanthochymus has 11 reported investigations on conditions identified across 10 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include obesity, Plasmodium falciparum, adipogenesis, antidiabetic, antioxidant.

Obesity

1. Biomolecules
2. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences

Plasmodium falciparum

1. Planta medica

Adipogenesis

1. Biomolecules

Antidiabetic

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Antioxidant

1. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

Cancer

1. Biomolecules

Cardiovascular diseases

1. Biomolecules

Colon cancer

1. Journal of natural products

Inflammation

1. Biomolecules

Malaria

1. Planta medica

Preparations

Garcinia xanthochymus has 6 reported preparations identified across 10 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include EtOAc extract, ethyl acetate extract the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus, extracts of Garcinia xanthochymus, fruit EtOAc fraction, methanol extracts.

Etoac extract

1. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica

Ethyl acetate extract the bark of garcinia xanthochymus

1. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters

Extracts of garcinia xanthochymus

1. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences

Fruit etoac fraction

1. Chinese journal of natural medicines

Methanol extracts

1. Yakugaku zasshi : Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan

Wood

1. Phytochemistry