dead-nettle

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• bifid hemp-nettle
• bifid-lip hemp-nettle
• split-lip hemp-nettle
• bifid-lipped hemp-nettle
• split-lipped hemp-nettle

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Galeopsis bifida var. pernhofferi
• Galeopsis pallens
• Galeopsis pernhofferi
• Galeopsis bifida var. emarginata
• Galeopsis tetrahit var. parviflora
• Galeopsis tetrahit proles bifida
• Galeopsis tetrahit var. bifida
• Galeopsis tetrahit subsp. bifida
• Lamium artvinense

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant, known as Galeopsis bifida, belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta. Within the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae, it is classified under the order Lamiales and the family Lamiaceae. It is further categorized under the genus Galeopsis.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a specific distribution across several regions within Northern Europe. It can be found growing in the natural landscapes of Denmark. Furthermore, its presence extends to the northern territories of Finland and Norway. The species is also widely documented throughout Great Britain. Finally, its geographical range includes the island of Ireland.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Galeopsis bifida is characterized by its preference for specific altitudinal zones and disturbed environments. This species thrives within a distinct elevational range, occurring at altitudes starting from a minimum of 2300 m AMSL up to a maximum of 4000 m AMSL. Its preferred habitat typically consists of open roadsides that are managed, suggesting an adaptation to disturbed or anthropogenically influenced landscapes where sunlight availability is relatively high.

Elevational range max:

4000 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

2300 m AMSL

Habitat :

open roadsides managed

Life history

The life history of Galeopsis bifida is characterized by its status as an annual plant, meaning it completes its entire biological cycle—from germination to seed production—within a single growing season. As a therophyte, its survival strategy relies on completing its development rapidly and persisting through unfavorable periods primarily in the form of seeds. The plant exhibits a deciduous nature, shedding its foliage as it reaches the end of its seasonal cycle. This life cycle allows it to effectively colonize disturbed habitats and open spaces, utilizing its brief period of vegetative growth to establish a robust presence before dispersing seeds for the next generation.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

therophyte

Lifecycle :

annual

Morphology

The morphology of Galeopsis bifida is characterized by its growth form as a non-woody herb and forb. It is a terrestrial plant that functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor an epiphyte. In terms of stature, it is a self-supporting plant that does not require climbing structures, with a height that typically ranges from a minimum of 0.1 m to a maximum of 0.6 m, maintaining an average plant height of approximately 0.383 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

herb

Growth form :

forb

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

0.6 m

Plant height mean:

0.383 m

Plant height min:

0.1 m

Woodiness :

non-woody

Physiology

The physiology of Galeopsis bifida is characterized by a standard C3 photosynthetic pathway, meaning it utilizes the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide during the light-independent reactions without the specialized carbon-concentrating mechanisms found in C4 or CAM plants. As a non-carnivorous species, it relies entirely on its root system and soil interactions for the uptake of essential nutrients and minerals, rather than employing specialized structures for the capture or digestion of prey.

Carnivory :

non-carnivorous

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Galeopsis bifida is primarily sexual, characterized by bisexual flowers that facilitate the plant's reproductive cycle. The flowering period typically begins in July and extends through August. This process relies on biotic pollination syndromes, specifically utilizing insects, with bees acting as key pollinators. While the plant is capable of self-fertilization, its reproductive strategy is geared toward sexual exchange. Following successful fertilization, the plant produces seeds with a mean mass of approximately 0.0719 g, although recorded values range from a minimum of 0.00345 g to a maximum of 0.00348 g. Seed dispersal follows a zoochorous pattern, specifically through epizoochory, where seeds are transported via animals. Notably, the plant does not exhibit any form of asexual reproduction.

Dispersal syndrome :

zoochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

epizoochorous

Flowering time :

Jul

Flowering time :

Aug

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

bee

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Reproduction sexual :

bisexual

Seed mass max:

0.00348 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0719476666666667 g

Seed mass min:

0.00345 g

Self fertilization :

present

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Chemicals

Galeopsis bifida has 6 reported phytochemicals identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 5,7-Dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavone, Ajugoside, Chrysoeriol, Daucosterol, Hederagenin.

5,7-Dihydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxyflavone

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Ajugoside

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Chrysoeriol

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Daucosterol

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Hederagenin

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

Martynoside

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica