What to know about Fraxinus excelsior (ash) before using it medicinally

Fraxinus excelsior, commonly known as ash, is a herb that has been revered for its numerous health benefits, including its ability to reduce inflammation, improve cardiovascular health, and boost the immune system.

As a fast-growing and adaptable tree, it is highly valued in horticultural circles for its timber, which is prized for its strength and durability, and its ability to thrive in a wide range of environments. From a botanical standpoint, Fraxinus excelsior is a deciduous tree with compound leaves and a distinctive, pinnate shape, belonging to the Oleaceae family.

Historically, the herb has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references dating back to ancient Greece and Rome, where it was valued for its therapeutic properties and versatility.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Fraxinus excelsior.

What are the medicinal properties of Fraxinus excelsior?

Fraxinus excelsior helps with various health issues, including fever reduction, digestive problems, and skin conditions. Its medicinal uses date back to ancient times, with traditional remedies still employed in some cultures. The plant's effectiveness is attributed to its adaptogenic properties.

The active constituents of Fraxinus excelsior responsible for its medicinal properties include salicin, phenolic acids, and flavonoids. These compounds have anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, contributing to the plant's therapeutic benefits.

The bark, leaves, and seeds of Fraxinus excelsior are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. The bark is often employed in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties, while the leaves and seeds are used to treat digestive issues and fever.

Improper use of Fraxinus excelsior can lead to gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Prolonged consumption may also cause allergic reactions, particularly in individuals with sensitive skin.

Precautions when using Fraxinus excelsior medicinally include avoiding its use in patients with bleeding disorders, as it may exacerbate bleeding tendencies. Additionally, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult a healthcare professional before using the plant, as its effects on fetal development and milk production are unknown.

What are the horticulural aspects of Fraxinus excelsior?

Fraxinus excelsior grow best in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. They can tolerate a wide pH range, but optimal growth occurs between 6.0 and 7.0. The tree requires regular watering, especially during its first year after planting.

For optimal growth, plant Fraxinus excelsior in spring or autumn, avoiding extreme weather conditions. Dig a hole twice as wide and as deep as the root ball, and backfill with a mixture of soil and organic matter. Water thoroughly and mulch around the base to retain moisture.

Harvest Fraxinus excelsior wood when the tree is mature, typically after 20-30 years. Cut branches or logs when the wood is dry and free of defects, avoiding any signs of decay or disease. Considerable care is needed to avoid damaging the tree's roots or structure.

Ash trees are susceptible to various pests and diseases, including Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) and Ash Dieback. Regular monitoring and maintenance can help prevent infestations and reduce the risk of these issues. Fungal infections, such as root rot and leaf spot, can also affect the tree's health and longevity.

What are the botanical aspects of Fraxinus excelsior?

Fraxinus excelsior is a deciduous tree with a broad, rounded crown and a straight, columnar stem, typically growing to 15-20 meters in height, with a trunk diameter of 30-80 cm.

The taxonomical classification of Fraxinus excelsior places it in the family Oleaceae, order Lamiales, suborder Gentianidae, class Magnoliopsida, division Magnoliophyta, kingdom Plantae, and domain Eukaryota, with a single species classification.

Several variants of Fraxinus excelsior exist, including 'Ashlea' and 'Flore Pleno', which feature distinctive leaf forms and growth habits, and 'Copper Beal', which exhibits reddish-brown bark.

Fraxinus excelsior is native to Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa, but has been widely introduced and naturalized in other regions, including North America, where it is often used as a street tree or shade tree.

The life cycle of Fraxinus excelsior involves germination of seeds in 1-3 years, followed by growth to maturity in 20-50 years, with a lifespan of up to 200 years in optimal conditions.

What are the historical aspects of Fraxinus excelsior?

Fraxinus excelsior is a deciduous tree with a rich history of uses. In ancient Europe, ash was used for tool-making, particularly for spearheads and arrows, due to its hard and flexible wood. Its wood was also used for furniture and building construction.

In ancient mythologies, ash was associated with the god Thor, the Norse god of thunder, who was said to have created the ash tree. The ash was also linked to the Greek god Athena, who used ash wood for her shield. In Celtic mythology, ash was associated with the god of wisdom and poetry.

Ash has been imbued with symbolic meanings across cultures. In Celtic tradition, the ash was seen as a symbol of fertility and prosperity. In Norse mythology, the ash tree was associated with the cycle of life and death. The ash tree was also seen as a symbol of strength and resilience.

In ancient texts, ash is mentioned in the works of Virgil, who wrote about its use in tool-making. The Greek historian Herodotus also mentioned the ash tree in his writings. In medieval texts, the ash tree was described as having medicinal properties.

Historical artifacts featuring ash include ancient tools, furniture, and building structures. The Vikings, in particular, used ash for shipbuilding and other maritime activities. Ash wood was also used for the construction of medieval buildings, such as castles and churches.