galbanum
Ferula gummosa · Accepted scientific name
Scientific literature: Very Extensive (225 studies) · ★★★★★
Galbanum, scientifically known as Ferula gumosa, is a highly aromatic resin harvested from the stalks of perennial herbs in the Apiaceae family. Renowned for its distinct, green, earthy scent, it has been used since antiquity in perfumery and traditional medicine for its potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Family
- Apiaceae
- Native range
- Asia-Temperate
- Parts used
- Root · Flower
- Common names
- Galbanum
- Scientific synonyms
- Peucedanum Galbanifluum · Ferula Galbaniflua · 1 more
Names
Common Names
- galbanum
Regional and Traditional Names
French:
- Férule gommeuse
- Ferula erubescens
- Ferula galbaniflua
- Peucedanum galbanifluum
- Férule gommeuse
Scientific Names
Accepted name
Ferula gummosaSynonyms
- Peucedanum galbanifluum
- Ferula galbaniflua
- Ferula erubescens
Taxonomical Classification
This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. It is further classified within the order Apiales and the family Apiaceae. Finally, its specific taxonomic designation is placed within the genus Ferula.
| Rank | Classification | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom | Plantae | WCVP |
| Phylum | Streptophyta | WCVP |
| Class | Equisetopsida | WCVP |
| Subclass | Magnoliidae | WCVP |
| Order | Apiales | WCVP |
| Family | Apiaceae | WCVP |
| Genus | Ferula | WCVP |
Distribution
This plant, known as Ferula gummosa, exhibits a specific and limited range of occurrence across two major regions. Its primary distribution can be found within the vast landscapes of Central Asia, specifically in Turkmenistan. Additionally, the species extends its reach into Western Asia, where it is naturally occurring in Iran. These two nations represent the core geographical strongholds for this medicinal species. Consequently, the plant's habitat is closely tied to the unique environmental conditions of these particular territories.
| Region | Area | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Central Asia | Turkmenistan | WCVP |
| Western Asia | Iran | WCVP |
Plant Parts
This plant, Ferula gummosa, is highly valued in traditional medicine for the various components harvested from its structure. The most significant medicinal products are derived from the gum and the plant resin, which are collected from the plant's tissues to treat various ailments. Additionally, the root serves as a vital part of the organism, often utilized for its therapeutic properties, while the essential oil extracted from the plant offers potent aromatic and medicinal benefits. Even the seed plays a role in the plant's lifecycle and can be utilized in specific traditional applications.| Plant Part | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| root | Drug and chemical toxicology (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| flower | Gene (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| fruit | Scientific reports (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| seed | Natural product research (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Chemicals
Ferula gummosa has 48 reported phytochemicals identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Flavonoids, 10-Epijunenol, 10-Epijunenyl acetate, 12-tridecanolide, 13-tetradecanolide.
| Chemical | Supporting sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | 2 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 10-Epijunenol | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 10-Epijunenyl acetate | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 12-tridecanolide | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 13-tetradecanolide | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 14-pentadecanolide | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 15-Hexadecanolide | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 2,6-Diethyl-3-methylpyrazine | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| 2-Methoxy-3-sec-butyl pyrazine | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ALPHA-PINENE | 1 supporting sources | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Flavonoids
- Chemistry & biodiversity
- Natural product research
10-Epijunenol
- Dr. Duke
10-Epijunenyl acetate
- Dr. Duke
12-tridecanolide
- Dr. Duke
13-tetradecanolide
- Dr. Duke
14-pentadecanolide
- Dr. Duke
15-Hexadecanolide
- Dr. Duke
2,6-Diethyl-3-methylpyrazine
- Dr. Duke
2-Methoxy-3-sec-butyl pyrazine
- Dr. Duke
ALPHA-PINENE
- Dr. Duke
Activities
Ferula gummosa has 132 reported activities identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antibacterial, (-)-Chronotropic.
Most Reported Activities
| Activity | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Antimicrobial | Scientific reports (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Antioxidant | Dr. Duke (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Cytotoxic | Research in pharmaceutical sciences (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| Antibacterial | Dr. Duke (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| (-)-Chronotropic | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| (-)-Inotropic | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ACE-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| AChE-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Acaricide | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor | Dr. Duke (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Medicinal Uses
Ferula gummosa has 14 reported medicinal uses identified across 6 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported uses include Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Cervical cancer, Escherichia coli.
Most Reported Uses
| Use | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| Enterococcus faecalis | Dental research journal (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Scientific reports (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Candida albicans | Restorative dentistry & endodontics (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Cervical cancer | Avicenna journal of phytomedicine (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Escherichia coli | Scientific reports (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Streptococcus mitis | Restorative dentistry & endodontics (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| cancer | Natural product research (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| chorea | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| epilepsy | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| epileptic seizure | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Preparations
| Preparations | Sources | Consensus |
|---|---|---|
| essential oil | Scientific reports (and other 3 sources) | ★★☆☆☆ |
| gum | Research in pharmaceutical sciences (and other 2 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Aqueous extracts | The West Indian medical journal (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| EO | BMC complementary and alternative medicine (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| Ethanolic extract | Natural product research (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| F. gummosa root | Drug and chemical toxicology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| essential oils | Journal of dietary supplements (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| ethanolic extract of the oleo-resin | Research in pharmaceutical sciences (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| methanol-chloroform (1:1) extract | Journal of ethnopharmacology (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |
| methanolic extract | Scientific reports (and other 1 sources) | ★☆☆☆☆ |