What to know about Feronia limonia (citron) before using it medicinally

Feronia limonia, commonly known as citron, is a medicinal herb that has been prized for its numerous health benefits, including its anti-inflammatory properties, which help to reduce fever and alleviate digestive issues, while also providing antioxidant protection against cell damage.

In terms of horticulture, the herb is typically cultivated in subtropical regions and requires full sun and well-drained soil to thrive, making it a versatile and hardy addition to any garden or orchard. Botanically, Feronia limonia is characterized by its large, fragrant flowers and distinctive citron-like fruit, which is a key identifier of the herb.

Historically, Feronia limonia has been referenced in traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurvedic practices, where it has been valued for its purported ability to balance the body's energies and promote overall well-being.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Feronia limonia .

What are the medicinal properties of Feronia limonia ?

Feronia limonia helps with digestive issues, such as constipation and indigestion, due to its carminative properties. Its antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory properties also alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and other gastrointestinal disorders.

The active constituents of Feronia limonia include citric acid, flavonoids, and limonoids, which contribute to its medicinal properties. Citric acid has antibacterial and antifungal effects, while flavonoids possess antioxidant properties. Limonoids exhibit anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities.

The most commonly used parts of Feronia limonia for medicinal purposes are its juice, leaves, and seeds. The juice is consumed fresh or used as a supplement to treat digestive issues and other health conditions. Leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat fever, cough, and cold.

Ingesting large amounts of Feronia limonia or its active constituents can cause adverse effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Overuse or misuse of the plant may lead to allergic reactions, such as skin rashes or hives.

To use Feronia limonia medicinally safely, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional or a qualified practitioner of traditional medicine. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant, as well as individuals with kidney or liver disease.

What are the horticulural aspects of Feronia limonia ?

Feronia limonia grow best in full sun and well-drained soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. It can tolerate drought but regular watering promotes better fruiting. Average annual temperature between 15-25°C is ideal for optimal growth.

Planting tips for Feronia limonia involve selecting a location with a long growing season and frost-free conditions. Plant trees 3-4 meters apart, and water them regularly during the first year. Use a balanced fertilizer and mulch to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

For optimal harvesting, Feronia limonia trees are ready for fruiting when they are 3-4 years old. Citrons are typically ready to pick 6-8 months after flowering. Harvest fruits when they are fully ripe, as they do not continue to ripen after being picked.

Common pests affecting Feronia limonia include scale insects, mealybugs, and citrus root weevil. Fungal diseases like citrus canker, root rot, and scab also affect the tree. Regular monitoring and maintenance can help prevent infestations and reduce the risk of disease.

What are the botanical aspects of Feronia limonia ?

Feronia limonia is an evergreen tree with a broad, rounded crown and a short, thick trunk, typically growing up to 10 meters tall, with a smooth grey bark and dark green, glossy leaves.

Feronia limonia is classified as a member of the Rutaceae family and is placed in the genus Feronia, with one species, Feronia limonia, and several synonyms, including Citrus medica and Feronia citron. Its scientific name was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.

Variants of Feronia limonia include the 'Dhansara' and 'Pallang' varieties, which differ in their fruit characteristics, with the former having a smaller fruit and the latter having a sweeter flavor.

Feronia limonia is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, with its natural range spanning from India to Southeast Asia, and has also been naturalized in the Caribbean and parts of Central America.

The life cycle of Feronia limonia is typical of citrus trees, with a juvenile phase of about 2-3 years, followed by a period of vegetative growth, and then fruiting, which occurs about 4-5 years after planting, with the fruit remaining on the tree for about 6-12 months.

What are the historical aspects of Feronia limonia ?

Feronia limonia is a plant with a long history of use in traditional medicine. In ancient China, citron was used to treat fever, rheumatism, and indigestion. In Ayurveda, it was used to balance the three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. In folk medicine, it was used as a natural remedy for various ailments.

Feronia limonia has mythological references in ancient cultures. In Greek mythology, the goddess Persephone was said to have discovered the citron tree while she was in the underworld. In Roman mythology, the citron tree was associated with the goddess Venus. In Hindu mythology, the citron tree was associated with the god of love, Kamadeva.

The symbolic meanings of Feronia limonia vary across cultures. In Buddhism, the citron tree is a symbol of enlightenment. In Hinduism, the citron tree is a symbol of prosperity and good fortune. In China, the citron tree is a symbol of longevity and wisdom.

Historical texts mention Feronia limonia in various contexts. The ancient Chinese text "Shennong Bencao Jing" describes the medicinal properties of citron. The Ayurvedic text "Charaka Samhita" describes the uses of citron in traditional medicine. The ancient Greek text "De Materia Medica" by Dioscorides describes the uses of citron in ancient Greece.

Historical artifacts related to Feronia limonia include ancient Chinese ceramics and paintings depicting the citron tree. The ancient Greek vase "The Citron Tree" depicts the goddess Persephone discovering the citron tree. In Hindu temples, citron trees are often depicted in artwork and carvings.