What to know about Euphorbia officinarum (candelilla) before using it medicinally

Euphorbia officinarum, commonly known as candelilla, is a herb that has been prized for its medicinal properties for centuries.

It is primarily cultivated for its unique, waxy leaves and stems, which are used to produce a variety of cosmetic and pharmaceutical products. Botanically, Euphorbia officinarum belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is characterized by its succulent leaves and distinctive, milky sap.

Historically, the candelilla plant has been used in traditional medicine by various cultures, including the Aztecs and Mayans, who valued its healing properties for the skin and joints.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Euphorbia officinarum.

What are the medicinal properties of Euphorbia officinarum?

Euphorbia officinarum helps with various health conditions due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. It has been used traditionally to treat wounds, burns, and skin infections. Its oil is also used for skin care and as a treatment for acne.

The active constituents of Euphorbia officinarum include fatty acids, particularly lauric acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid, which give the plant its medicinal properties. These constituents are responsible for its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the Euphorbia officinarum plant most used for medicinal purposes are its latex, sap, and seeds. The latex contains the highest concentration of active constituents, which are used to treat various health conditions. The sap and seeds are also used for their medicinal properties.

When used improperly, Euphorbia officinarum can cause skin irritation, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal problems due to its toxic compounds. Prolonged use of the plant's latex and sap can also lead to skin dryness and cracking.

Precautions when using Euphorbia officinarum medicinally include patch testing, avoiding contact with sensitive areas, and using it under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult their healthcare provider before using the plant for medicinal purposes.

What are the horticulural aspects of Euphorbia officinarum?

Euphorbia officinarum grow in well-drained soil and full sun to partial shade. It thrives in dry to semi-dry conditions and can tolerate high temperatures. The ideal temperature for growth is between 20-30°C (68-86°F). It can be cultivated in USDA zones 9-11.

For successful planting, Euphorbia officinarum seeds require 1-2 cm deep sowing and 2-3 cm spacing. They prefer a slightly acidic soil pH and high humidity during the germination period. Transplanting is best done during the cooler months, and the plant requires regular pruning to maintain shape and promote healthy growth.

For optimal harvesting, Euphorbia officinarum resin is extracted from the stems during the dry season, typically between June and September. The stems are tapped with a sharp instrument to collect the resin, which is then collected, filtered, and purified. Harvesting is usually done every 2-3 months to ensure continuous resin production.

Common pests affecting Euphorbia officinarum include scale insects, mealybugs, and spider mites. Fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and root rot can also occur, particularly in areas with high humidity and poor air circulation. Regular monitoring and integrated pest management practices can help mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Euphorbia officinarum?

Euphorbia officinarum is a succulent shrub with a woody base, stems up to 2 meters long, and leaves that are fleshy, simple, and alternate. The inflorescence is a terminal corymb, with small, yellowish flowers. The plant has a distinctive, waxy coating on its leaves.

The taxonomical classification of Euphorbia officinarum places it in the family Euphorbiaceae, order Malpighiales, class Magnoliopsida, division Magnoliophyta, and kingdom Plantae. It is also a member of the tribe Euphorbieae.

Several variants of Euphorbia officinarum have been identified, including E. officinarum var. genuina and E. officinarum var. major. These variants differ in their leaf size and inflorescence characteristics.

Euphorbia officinarum is native to the southwestern United States, northern Mexico, and the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. It has also been introduced to other parts of the world, including Africa and Europe.

The life cycle of Euphorbia officinarum typically begins in spring, when the plant produces new shoots and leaves. The inflorescence appears in summer, producing small flowers that are pollinated by insects. The seeds mature in fall, and the plant typically dies back in winter.

What are the historical aspects of Euphorbia officinarum?

Euphorbia officinarum is a plant native to Mexico and Central America, with a rich history of use. The Aztecs used its resin for waterproofing, and the Mayans employed it for medicinal purposes.

In Aztec mythology, candelilla was associated with the goddess Coatlicue, who was revered for its healing properties. The plant's sap was believed to possess sacred powers, used in rituals for fertility and protection.

Candelilla's symbolism dates back to ancient Mesoamerica, where it represented abundance, prosperity, and spiritual growth. Its resin was also used to anoint warriors before battle, signifying protection and strength.

The historical text of the 16th-century Spanish conquistador Francisco Hernández mentions candelilla's medicinal properties and uses. His writings detail the plant's employment in traditional medicine for skin conditions and wounds.

The 19th-century archaeologist and art historian, Eduardo de Antuñano, documented the use of candelilla resin in ancient Mesoamerican artifacts, including pottery and textiles. His research shed light on the significance of this plant in pre-Columbian cultures.