Hamilton's spindle

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Himalayan Spindle
• Hamilton's spindle

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Euonymus sieboldianus var. nikoensis
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. sieboldianus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus subsp. sieboldianus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. pubinervius
• Euonymus europaeus var. hamiltonianus
• Euonymus yedoensis var. koehneanus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. hians
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. australis
• Euonymus hamiltonianus f. koehneanus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. lanceifolius
• Euonymus yedoensis f. calocarpus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus f. lanceifolius
• Euonymus hamiltonianus f. lanceolatus
• Euonymus hians
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. nikoensis
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. semiexsertus
• Euonymus hamiltonianus var. yedoensis
• Euonymus dolichophyllus
• Euonymus dorsicostatus
• Euonymus juzepczukii
• Euonymus lanceifolius
• Euonymus nikoensis
• Euonymus sieboldianus
• Euonymus sieboldianus f. albicarpus
• Euonymus sieboldianus var. sanguineus
• Euonymus sieboldianus var. sphaerocarpus
• Euonymus vidalii
• Euonymus vidalii var. stenophyllus
• Euonymus semiexsertus
• Euonymus yedoensis
• Euonymus sieboldianus f. stenophyllus
• Euonymus sieboldianus f. dorsicostatus
• Euonymus sieboldianus var. yedoensis
• Euonymus sieboldianus var. megaphyllus

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Celastrales and the family Celastraceae, it is specifically classified under the genus Euonymus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad geographical distribution that spans across several distinct regions of Asia. In the Russian Far East, its presence is noted specifically within the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Its range extends significantly into Western Asia, where it can be found in Afghanistan. Within China, the species is widely distributed throughout both the South-Central and North-Central provinces. Collectively, these locations demonstrate the plant's ability to inhabit diverse environments across the continent.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Euonymus hamiltonianus is characterized by its specialized distribution within high-altitude montane environments. This species is strictly confined to specific elevational bands, thriving primarily in temperate or subalpine zones where atmospheric conditions meet its physiological requirements. Its ecological niche is defined by a narrow altitudinal range, with a minimum elevation of 1900 m AMSL and a maximum elevation reaching 2400 m AMSL. The species demonstrates a strong preference for mid-to-high elevations, as evidenced by a mean elevation of 2000 m AMSL. This vertical distribution suggests that the plant is adapted to the cooler temperatures, increased UV exposure, and specific moisture regimes typical of these high-mountain habitats.

Elevational range max:

2400 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

2000 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

1900 m AMSL

Life history

The life history of Euonymus hamiltonianus is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, ensuring its long-term presence within its ecological niche through multiple growing seasons. As a phanerophyte, its regenerative buds are elevated well above the ground level, a structural adaptation that allows it to maintain its growth form and survive varying environmental conditions. This phanerophyte life form, categorized under both its general botanical classification and specific structural growth patterns, defines its perennial strategy of enduring through seasonal cycles by maintaining elevated meristematic tissues.

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Euonymus hamiltonianus is characterized by a woody growth form that can manifest as both a tree and a shrub. It is a terrestrial, self-supporting plant that does not function as a climber or an epiphyte, nor does it exhibit parasitic behavior, remaining an independent organism. In terms of stature, the plant typically reaches a height ranging from a minimum of 5 m to a maximum of 6 m, with a mean plant height of approximately 5.75 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

6 m

Plant height mean:

5.75 m

Plant height min:

5 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Euonymus hamiltonianus is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency under standard environmental conditions. The plant's vegetative structure is defined by its foliage, which exhibits specific morphological dimensions essential to its physiological function. The leaves typically maintain a mean length of 9.5 cm, with individual leaf sizes ranging from a minimum of 7 cm to a maximum of 12 cm. Furthermore, the leaf morphology is supported by a mean width of 7 cm, providing the necessary surface area for gas exchange and light interception required to sustain its metabolic activities.

Leaf length max:

12 cm

Leaf length mean:

9.5 cm

Leaf length min:

7 cm

Leaf width mean:

7 cm

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Reproduction

The reproduction of Euonymus hamiltonianus is characterized by the development of fruits that exhibit specific dimensional variations. The fruits typically possess a mean length of 1.25 cm and a mean width of 1.25 cm, though they can range in size from a minimum of 1 cm in both length and width to a maximum of 1.5 cm in both dimensions. Within these fruits, the seeds represent the primary unit of dispersal, with an observed mean seed mass of 0.035225 g. The mass of these seeds fluctuates slightly depending on individual development, ranging from a minimum of 0.02985 g to a maximum of 0.0406 g.

Fruit length max:

1.5 cm

Fruit length mean:

1.25 cm

Fruit length min:

1 cm

Fruit width max:

1.5 cm

Fruit width mean:

1.25 cm

Fruit width min:

1 cm

Seed mass max:

0.0406 g

Seed mass mean:

0.035225 g

Seed mass min:

0.02985 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Chemicals

Euonymus hamiltonianus has 5 reported phytochemicals identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Euonymoside A, Euonymusin A, Euonymusin B, Euonymusin C, Euonymusin D.

Euonymoside A

1. Planta medica

Euonymusin A

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Euonymusin B

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Euonymusin C

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Euonymusin D

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Activities

Euonymus hamiltonianus has 1 reported activities identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Cytotoxic.

Cytotoxic

1. Planta medica

Conditions

Euonymus hamiltonianus has 4 reported investigations on conditions identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include cancer, cough, dysuria, pain.

Cancer

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Cough

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Dysuria

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Pain

1. Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

Preparations

Euonymus hamiltonianus has 1 reported preparations identified across 0 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include bark.

Bark

1. Planta medica