swamp-mahogany

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• swamp-mahogany
• swamp-messmate
• Swamp Messmate
• swamp stringybark
• Swamp Mahogany Gum

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Eucalyptus multiflora var. bivalvis
• Eucalyptus robusta var. bivalvis

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and is classified under the phylum Streptophyta within the class Equisetopsida. Following the subclass Magnoliidae, it is situated in the order Myrtales and the family Myrtaceae. Finally, its taxonomic identity is defined by the genus Eucalyptus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a widespread presence across several distinct regions within the Mediterranean basin. In Southwestern Europe, its range extends through the landscapes of France and Portugal. The species is also notably distributed across the island of Sardegna. Moving toward Southeastern Europe, the plant can be found throughout Italy. Finally, its geographical reach continues southward into Northern Africa, specifically within Morocco.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Eucalyptus robusta is characterized by its preference for lowland environments, where it thrives across a specific altitudinal gradient. It is typically found in habitats ranging from sea level up to a maximum elevation of 1000 m AMSL. This distribution pattern indicates an adaptation to lower-altitude landscapes, where the environmental conditions support its growth within this defined vertical range.

Elevational range max:

1000 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

Lowland

Life history

The life history of Eucalyptus robusta is characterized by its status as a perennial organism, allowing it to persist through multiple growing seasons and establish a long-term presence in its ecosystem. As a phanerophyte, its regenerative buds are located high above the ground on woody stems, a structural adaptation that supports its development into a substantial tree. This species maintains an evergreen deciduousness, ensuring that its foliage remains functional and photosynthetic throughout the year rather than shedding seasonally. This combination of a perennial lifecycle, a phanerophyte life form, and evergreen characteristics enables the plant to maintain continuous biological activity and structural stability over time.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Eucalyptus robusta is characterized by its growth form as a robust, woody tree that functions as an independent organism, neither acting as a parasite nor an epiphyte, as it is strictly terrestrial in its habitat. As a self-supporting species, it does not exhibit climbing habits such as lianas or vines. The plant exhibits significant vertical development, with height measurements ranging from a minimum of 20 m to a maximum of 40 m, maintaining an average plant height of 32.25 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

40 m

Plant height mean:

32.25 m

Plant height min:

20 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Eucalyptus robusta is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its metabolic processes and carbon fixation strategies. Its vegetative structure features leaves with significant morphological variability, ranging in length from a minimum of 10 cm to a maximum of 16 cm, while the leaf width fluctuates between a minimum of 2.7 cm and a mean/maximum width of 4.5 cm. In terms of structural integrity and biomass composition, the species exhibits a mean stem specific density (SSD) of 604 mg/cm³, reflecting the density of its woody tissues. Furthermore, the plant does not function as a nitrogen fixer, meaning it relies on external soil nitrogen availability rather than symbiotic nitrogen-fixing mechanisms to support its physiological growth and development.

Leaf length max:

16 cm

Leaf length min:

10 cm

Leaf width mean:

4.5 cm

Leaf width min:

2.7 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

604 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproduction of Eucalyptus robusta is characterized by a reliance on biotic pollination mechanisms, specifically utilizing insects such as bees to facilitate the transfer of pollen. This species does not exhibit any form of asexual reproduction, depending entirely on sexual processes for its life cycle. The resulting fruit varies in size, with a minimum length of 1 cm, a mean length of 1.375 cm, and a maximum length reaching up to 1.8 cm. Within these fruits, the seeds are produced with a highly consistent length of 1.5 mm, as both the minimum and maximum measurements are identical at this value. The seed mass demonstrates significant variability, ranging from a minimum of 0.0002 g to a maximum of 0.01255 g, with an average mass of approximately 0.00324 g. Once mature, the dispersal of these seeds is primarily an anemochorous process, meaning they are carried by the wind, although the plant also exhibits an unspecialized dispersal syndrome, allowing for diverse movement patterns within its environment.

Dispersal syndrome :

anemochorous

Dispersal syndrome :

unspecialized

Fruit length max:

1.8 cm

Fruit length mean:

1.375 cm

Fruit length min:

1 cm

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

bee

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Reproduction asexual :

absent

Seed length mean:

1.5 mm

Seed mass max:

0.01255 g

Seed mass mean:

0.0032403375 g

Seed mass min:

2e-04 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Eucalyptus robusta has 2 reported plant parts identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf, fruit.

Leaf

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)
3. Scientific reports
4. Journal of natural products
5. Journal of Asian natural products research

Fruit

1. Organic letters

Chemicals

Eucalyptus robusta has 11 reported phytochemicals identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Aromadendrane, Eucalrobusone C, Eucarobustol E, Eudesmane, ROBUSTADIAL B.

Aromadendrane

1. Journal of natural products

Eucalrobusone C

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Eucarobustol E

1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Eudesmane

1. Journal of natural products

ROBUSTADIAL B

1. Dr. Duke

Robustadial A

1. Dr. Duke

Sesquiterpenoid

1. Scientific reports

aristolane

1. Journal of natural products

ec

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

guaiane

1. Journal of natural products

Activities

Eucalyptus robusta has 2 reported activities identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antifungal.

Antibacterial

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Antifungal

1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Conditions

Eucalyptus robusta has 5 reported investigations on conditions identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Candida glabrata, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Zika virus, cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Candida glabrata

1. Scientific reports

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Zika virus

1. Bioorganic chemistry

Cancer

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Hepatocellular carcinoma

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Preparations

Eucalyptus robusta has 7 reported preparations identified across 8 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include leaves, Essential oils from the leaves, Eucalyptus extracts, essential oils from the leaves, eucarobustol E (EE).

Leaves

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Scientific reports
3. Journal of natural products

Essential oils from the leaves

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Eucalyptus extracts

1. Bioorganic chemistry

Essential oils from the leaves

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology

Eucarobustol e (ee)

1. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

Non-volatile acylphloroglucinols

1. Bioorganic chemistry

Volatile oils

1. Bioorganic chemistry