River Red Gum

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• cape-york-red-gum
• red-gum
• river-red-gum
• Murray Red Gum
• Red Gum
• River Red Gum
• blue gum
• red river gum
• river gum
• Murray
• Rostrata Gum
• longbeak eucalyptus

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae and the phylum Streptophyta, falling under the class Equisetopsida and subclass Magnoliidae. Within the order Myrtales and the family Myrtaceae, it is classified under the genus Eucalyptus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, exhibits a specific distribution across several regions of Southwestern Europe. Its presence can be documented within the various territories of France and Portugal. Furthermore, it is found across the Iberian Peninsula, specifically throughout Spain. The species also extends its range to include the Mediterranean islands of Corse and Sardegna. Consequently, these locations highlight the plant's established footprint within the Southwestern European landscape.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is characterized by its significant adaptability to diverse altitudinal gradients, ranging from sea level (0 m AMSL) to a maximum elevation of 2600 m AMSL, with a mean elevational distribution of approximately 433.33 m AMSL. While it is a resilient species capable of colonizing various natural landscapes, it is frequently documented within anthropogenic habitats such as gardens.

Elevational range max:

2600 m AMSL

Elevational range mean:

433.333333333333 m AMSL

Elevational range min:

0 m AMSL

Habitat :

garden

Genetics

The genetics of Eucalyptus camaldulensis are characterized by significant cytogenetic variability, which plays a crucial role in its evolutionary adaptation and taxonomic complexity. A defining feature of its genetic makeup is the variation in chromosome numbers observed across different populations and accessions, with documented values of 22 and 28. This chromosomal polymorphism suggests a complex evolutionary history potentially involving polyploidy or aneuploidy, which contributes to the high level of genetic diversity found within the species. Such genomic plasticity is instrumental in the plant's ability to thrive across diverse ecological niches and influences its overall phenotypic expression and resilience.

Chromosome number :

22, 28

Life history

The life history of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is characterized by its status as a perennial species, allowing it to persist in its environment over many years. As a phanerophyte, the plant maintains its photosynthetic organs on elevated branches, a structural life form that can be categorized both generally as a phanerophyte and more specifically as a nanophanerophyte depending on its developmental stage and environmental conditions. Throughout its life cycle, it exhibits an evergreen deciduousness, ensuring that it retains its foliage year-round to facilitate continuous metabolic processes.

Deciduousness :

evergreen

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is characterized by its robust growth form as a woody tree. As a terrestrial species, it does not function as an epiphyte or a parasite, maintaining an independent existence within its ecosystem. The plant is self-supporting rather than a climber, exhibiting a strong, woody structure. In terms of stature, it is a significant specimen with a height that varies considerably depending on environmental conditions; while it can reach a minimum height of 5 m, it typically reaches a mean height of approximately 27.43 m, with maximum recorded heights extending up to 45 m.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

tree

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

45 m

Plant height mean:

27.4285714285714 m

Plant height min:

5 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its carbon fixation processes and metabolic efficiency. The plant features an opposite leaf arrangement, with individual leaves exhibiting an elliptic form. Morphologically, the leaves vary in dimensions, typically maintaining a mean length of 7.5 cm (ranging from a minimum of 6 cm to a maximum of 30 cm) and a mean width of 3.25 cm (ranging from a minimum of 0.7 cm to a maximum of 4 cm). Regarding its structural composition, the plant possesses a mean stem specific density (SSD) of 662 mg/cm³, indicating its wood density and structural integrity. Additionally, this species does not function as a nitrogen fixer, relying instead on external soil nitrogen availability for its nutritional requirements.

Leaf arrangement :

opposite

Leaf form :

elliptic

Leaf length max:

30 cm

Leaf length mean:

7.5 cm

Leaf length min:

6 cm

Leaf width max:

4 cm

Leaf width mean:

3.25 cm

Leaf width min:

0.7 cm

Nitrogen fixer :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Stem specific density (SSD) mean:

662 mg/cm³

Reproduction

The reproductive cycle of Eucalyptus camaldulensis is characterized by a diverse pollination strategy and a structured flowering period. The plant produces white flowers arranged in umbel inflorescences, with individual flower widths ranging from a minimum of 0.3 cm to a maximum of 0.6 cm. The flowering season typically begins in February and extends through November, utilizing a biotic pollination syndrome that specifically involves insects, most notably bees. Following successful pollination, the plant develops fruit in the form of a capsule. These capsules are dehiscence-type structures that vary in size, with a minimum width of 0.5 cm, a mean width of 0.55 cm, and a maximum width of 0.8 cm. Within these capsules, the seeds are produced with a highly variable mass, ranging from a minimum of 0.00017 g to a maximum of 0.01163 g, with a mean seed mass of approximately 0.000887533333333333 g. The dispersal of these seeds is primarily anemochorous, relying on wind to facilitate their spread.

Dehiscence :

dehiscent

Dispersal syndrome :

anemochorous

Flower colour :

white

Flower width max:

0.6 cm

Flower width min:

0.3 cm

Flowering time :

Feb

Flowering time :

Nov

Fruit type :

capsule

Fruit width max:

0.8 cm

Fruit width mean:

0.55 cm

Fruit width min:

0.5 cm

Inflorescence :

umbel

Pollination syndrome :

insect

Pollination syndrome :

bee

Pollination syndrome :

biotic

Seed mass max:

0.01163 g

Seed mass mean:

0.000887533333333333 g

Seed mass min:

0.00017 g

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has 1 reported plant parts identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include leaf.

Leaf

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine
2. Saudi journal of biological sciences
3. Science progress
4. Heliyon
5. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products

Chemicals

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has 69 reported phytochemicals identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include 1,8-Cineole, CHLOROGENIC ACID, LIMONENE, Tannins, -Terpinen.

1,8-Cineole

1. Dr. Duke
2. Saudi journal of biological sciences
3. Life (Basel, Switzerland)
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Natural product research
2. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

LIMONENE

1. Dr. Duke
2. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products

Tannins

1. Pharmaceutical biology
2. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology

-Terpinen

1. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products

ALPHA-PHELLANDRENE

1. Dr. Duke

ALPHA-PINENE

1. Dr. Duke

ALPHA-TERPINYL ACETATE

1. Dr. Duke

ALPHA-THUJENE

1. Dr. Duke

Allo-Aromadendrene

1. Dr. Duke

Activities

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has 188 reported activities identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidant, (-)-Chronotropic, (-)-Inotropic.

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of ethnopharmacology
3. Natural product research

Antifungal

1. Natural product research
2. Jundishapur journal of natural pharmaceutical products

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Natural product research

(-)-Chronotropic

1. Dr. Duke

(-)-Inotropic

1. Dr. Duke

ACE-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

AChE-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Acaricide

1. Dr. Duke

Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor

1. Dr. Duke

Allelochemic

1. Dr. Duke

Conditions

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has 27 reported investigations on conditions identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include Staphylococcus aureus, cryptococcosis, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus cereus.

Staphylococcus aureus

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases
2. Natural product research

Cryptococcosis

1. European journal of epidemiology
2. Lancet (London, England)

Aspergillus flavus

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Aspergillus niger

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Bacillus cereus

1. Natural product research

Candida albicans

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Candida parapsilosis

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Escherichia coli

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Leishmania major

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Magnaporthe grisea

1. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases

Preparations

Eucalyptus camaldulensis has 14 reported preparations identified across 7 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include 80% methanolic extracts, Ethanolic extract, Eucalyptus camaldulensis oil, Water extract, acetone leaf extracts.

80% methanolic extracts

1. BMC complementary and alternative medicine

Ethanolic extract

1. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

Eucalyptus camaldulensis oil

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Water extract

1. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

Acetone leaf extracts

1. Heliyon

Alcoholic extract

1. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)

Essential oils

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Ethanolic leaf extracts

1. Science progress

Ethanolic leave extract

1. Cell cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)

Extracts

1. Journal of ethnopharmacology