What to know about Eryngium maritimum (sea holly) before using it medicinally

Eryngium maritimum, commonly known as sea holly, is a herb that has been revered for its impressive array of health benefits, including its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which can aid in reducing inflammation and protecting against cell damage.

As a low-maintenance, drought-tolerant herb, Eryngium maritimum has become a popular choice among gardeners for its ease of cultivation and ability to thrive in a variety of conditions. Botanically, the herb is characterized by its striking blue or white flowers and tall, spiky foliage, which are both visually striking and hold significant medicinal value.

Historically, Eryngium maritimum has been used in traditional medicine for centuries, with references to its use appearing in ancient Greek and Roman texts, as well as in traditional European folk medicine.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Eryngium maritimum .

What are the medicinal properties of Eryngium maritimum ?

Eryngium maritimum helps with inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism, and skin irritations. Its anti-inflammatory properties also help alleviate pain and reduce swelling in injured tissues. Traditionally, it's used to treat digestive issues like constipation and diarrhea.

Its medicinal properties are attributed to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, and saponins, which exhibit anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. These compounds contribute to the plant's ability to combat infections and alleviate pain and inflammation.

The leaves and roots of Eryngium maritimum are primarily used for medicinal purposes. The leaves contain higher concentrations of sesquiterpene lactones, which are responsible for the plant's anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects. The roots, on the other hand, are used for their diuretic and antispasmodic properties.

Improper use of Eryngium maritimum can lead to gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain due to the presence of saponins and sesquiterpene lactones. Prolonged use or high doses may also cause kidney problems and interactions with other medications.

Precautions when using Eryngium maritimum medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before consumption, especially for individuals with kidney or liver disease. It's also essential to avoid using the plant during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to its potential effects on fetal development and milk production.

What are the horticulural aspects of Eryngium maritimum ?

Eryngium maritimum grow in full sun to partial shade, requiring a well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. They thrive in areas with high salt tolerance, making them ideal for coastal gardens. Average temperature requirements are between 32°F and 75°F.

For planting, choose a spot with good air circulation, as sea holly is susceptible to powdery mildew. Plant roots at a depth of 6-8 inches, and space 18-24 inches apart. Water thoroughly after planting and during the first growing season. Mulch around the base to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Harvest sea holly flowers when they are fully open, usually in late summer to early fall. Cut stems at a 45-degree angle, just above a leaf node. Remove lower foliage to promote new growth and prevent moisture from accumulating on the lower stems. Cut back plants to about 6 inches from the ground after flowering.

Common pests affecting sea holly include slugs, snails, and aphids. Fungal diseases like powdery mildew, leaf spot, and root rot are also prevalent. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or disease, and treat promptly with organic or integrated pest management methods.

What are the botanical aspects of Eryngium maritimum ?

Eryngium maritimum is a perennial plant that exhibits characteristic architectural foliage and purple flowers on a tall stem, growing up to 1 meter in height. The leaves are lance-shaped, with a glabrous upper surface and a pubescent lower surface. The stems are glabrous, and the plant has a fibrous root system.

Eryngium maritimum belongs to the family Apiaceae, commonly known as the carrot or parsley family. The genus Eryngium is a group of herbaceous plants, mostly found in coastal regions. The species name maritimum refers to the plant's affinity for maritime environments. Eryngium maritimum is a member of the tribe Eryngieae.

There are several variants of Eryngium maritimum, including Eryngium maritimum var. glaucum, which is a glaucous-leafed variant, and Eryngium maritimum var. maritimum, which is a glabrous-leafed variant. Additionally, there are several cultivars, such as 'Sapphire Blue' and 'Silver Glow', which are bred for their unique foliage colors.

Eryngium maritimum is native to Europe and western Asia, but has been naturalized in many other parts of the world, including North America, Australia, and New Zealand. It grows in a variety of coastal environments, including sandy beaches, rocky shores, and salt marshes. It thrives in areas with mild winters and cool, moist summers.

The life cycle of Eryngium maritimum begins in late spring, when the plant produces a tall stem with purple flowers. The flowers are followed by seed production, which occurs in late summer. The seeds are dispersed by wind and water, allowing the plant to colonize new areas. The plant typically blooms for 4-6 weeks, after which it begins to produce seed heads.

What are the historical aspects of Eryngium maritimum ?

Eryngium maritimum is a plant that has been used for various purposes throughout history. Its roots have been employed as a diuretic, its leaves as a poultice for wounds, and its flowers as a treatment for gout and rheumatism. In medieval Europe, it was also used as a remedy for dropsy.

In ancient Greek mythology, Eryngium maritimum was associated with the nymphs of the sea. According to legend, the nymphs used the plant's flowers to create a magical potion that granted them youth and beauty. This association has led some to refer to the plant as "nymph's tea".

Throughout history, Eryngium maritimum has been imbued with various symbolic meanings. In some cultures, it represents protection against evil spirits, while in others it symbolizes resilience and determination. In art, the plant has been depicted as a symbol of the sea's power and majesty.

In historical texts, Eryngium maritimum is mentioned in the works of several notable herbalists, including the 16th-century English herbalist John Gerard and the 18th-century French botanist Antoine Nicolas Duchesne. Gerard's Herbal (1597) describes the plant's medicinal properties, while Duchesne's Histoire et Description des Plantes (1774) provides detailed illustrations of the plant's anatomy.

Archaeological artifacts have provided evidence of Eryngium maritimum's use in ancient rituals and ceremonies. In some coastal settlements, fragments of the plant's roots and flowers have been found in burial sites, suggesting that it was used in funeral rites. Additionally, pottery and ceramics from ancient civilizations have been found to feature depictions of the plant's distinctive flowers.