devil's bush

Names and Synonyms

Common Names

• Siberian-ginseng
• eleuthero
• Manyprickle Acanthopanax
• Siberian ginseng
• Devil's Bush

Scientific Names

Accepted name

Synonyms

• Acanthopanax senticosus var. subinermis
• Eleutherococcus senticosus f. inermis
• Eleutherococcus senticosus f. subinermis
• Hedera senticosa
• Acanthopanax asperatus
• Eleutherococcus koreanus
• Eleutherococcus asperatus
• Acanthopanax senticosus
• Acanthopanax senticosus var. brevistamineus
• Acanthopanax senticosus f. inermis
• Acanthopanax senticosus f. subinermis

Regional and Traditional Names

Sources: Wikidata, Catalogue of Life

Taxonomical Classification

This plant belongs to the kingdom Plantae within the phylum Streptophyta and the class Equisetopsida. It is further classified under the subclass Magnoliidae and the order Apiales. Finally, it is a member of the family Araliaceae and falls under the genus Eleutherococcus.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Distribution

This plant exhibits a broad distribution across several key regions in East Asia. In the Russian Far East, it is commonly found throughout the Amur region. Its presence extends further into the Khabarovsk and Primorye territories of the same country. Additionally, the species can be located on the island of Sakhalin. Finally, its range reaches into China, specifically within the South-Central region.

Sources: The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP)

Botanical Identification

Ecology

The ecology of Eleutherococcus senticosus is characterized by its ability to thrive in diverse, transitional environments, primarily occupying forest ecosystems and forest edges where light availability fluctuates. It is frequently found colonizing shrubberies and dense thickets, utilizing these areas for protection and structural support. Furthermore, the species demonstrates significant adaptability to harsher terrains, frequently occurring in stony places and rocky outcrops. This distribution pattern suggests a preference for semi-shaded to partially sunny sites that offer varied microclimates, allowing it to integrate into the complex structural layers of woodland margins and rocky landscapes.

Habitat :

forest, forest edges, shrubberies, stony places

Life history

The life history of Eleutherococcus senticosus is characterized by its nature as a perennial plant, ensuring its persistence through multiple growing seasons. Functioning primarily as a phanerophyte, it maintains its buds well above the ground level, though it can also be classified within the nanophanerophyte category depending on its specific growth stage and environmental conditions. The species exhibits a deciduous habit, meaning it sheds its foliage annually as part of its seasonal cycle.

Deciduousness :

deciduous

Life form :

nanophanerophyte

Life form :

phanerophyte

Lifecycle :

perennial

Morphology

The morphology of Eleutherococcus senticosus is characterized by its growth form as a woody shrub, functioning as a self-supporting plant rather than a climber, liana, or vine. It is an independent species that lacks parasitic or epiphytic tendencies, maintaining a terrestrial habit. The plant typically reaches a height ranging from a minimum of 2 meters to a maximum of 5 meters. Its structural development is defined by its woody nature, providing the necessary rigidity to maintain its stature within its natural environment.

Aquatic :

terrestrial

Climber :

self-supporting

Epiphyte :

terrestrial

Growth form :

shrub

Parasite :

independent

Plant height max:

5 m

Plant height min:

2 m

Woodiness :

woody

Physiology

The physiology of Eleutherococcus senticosus is characterized by a C3 photosynthetic pathway, which dictates its metabolic carbon fixation processes. Morphological assessments of its foliage reveal a specific leaf area (SLA) with a mean value of 331.09723585 cm²/g, fluctuating between a minimum of 305.5443608 cm²/g and a maximum of 356.6501109 cm²/g. Furthermore, the plant lacks defensive integumentary structures on its leaves, as it possesses no leaf thorns and no leaf spines.

Leaf spines :

no

Leaf thorns :

no

Photosynthetic pathway :

C3

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) max:

356.6501109 cm²/g

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) mean:

331.09723585 cm²/g

Specific Leaf Area (SLA) min:

305.5443608 cm²/g

Reproduction

The reproduction of Eleutherococcus senticosus is centered around its flowering cycle, which occurs during the mid-to-late summer months. The flowering period typically begins in July and continues through August, though the precise timing can be variable depending on environmental conditions. During this window, the plant produces small, inconspicuous flowers that facilitate the reproductive process. Following the pollination phase, the plant transitions toward seed development, completing its seasonal reproductive cycle as the flowering window closes at the end of August.

Flowering time :

Jul

Flowering time :

Aug

Sources: Global Inventory of Floras and Traits (GIFT)

Plant Parts

Eleutherococcus senticosus has 6 reported plant parts identified across 37 scientific publications and several other databases that are studied for medicinal purposes. The most consistently reported plant part include root, leaf, stem, rhizome, seed.

Root

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. Chinese medicine
4. Journal of natural products
5. Journal of dairy science

Leaf

1. Heliyon
2. Nutrients
3. Journal of natural products
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
5. Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM

Stem

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Chinese medicine
3. Journal of separation science
4. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Rhizome

1. Chinese medicine
2. Planta medica
3. Frontiers in pharmacology
4. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Seed

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry

Fruit

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Chemicals

Eleutherococcus senticosus has 164 reported phytochemicals identified across 37 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported chemicals include Syringin, Flavonoids, Eleutheroside E, Eleutheroside B, Isofraxidin.

Syringin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Heliyon
3. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
4. Die Pharmazie
5. Chinese medicine

Flavonoids

1. Journal of AOAC International
2. Pharmacognosy magazine
3. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences
4. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
5. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry

Eleutheroside E

1. Dr. Duke
2. Die Pharmazie
3. Chinese medicine
4. Frontiers in pharmacology
5. Journal of AOAC International

Eleutheroside B

1. Dr. Duke
2. Heliyon
3. Frontiers in pharmacology
4. Journal of AOAC International
5. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics

Isofraxidin

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. Chinese medicine
4. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
5. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

CHLOROGENIC ACID

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
3. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin
4. Oncology reports
5. Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin

Lignans

1. Dr. Duke
2. Die Pharmazie
3. Pharmacognosy magazine
4. Frontiers in pharmacology
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Saponins

1. Dr. Duke
2. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica
3. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics
4. Japanese journal of pharmacology
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Coumarins

1. Die Pharmazie
2. Pharmacognosy magazine
3. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica

OLEANOLIC ACID

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. Phytochemistry

Activities

Eleutherococcus senticosus has 525 reported activities identified across 37 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported activities include Antioxidant, Adaptogen, Anticancer, Adaptogenic, Neuroprotective.

Antioxidant

1. Dr. Duke
2. Journal of the science of food and agriculture
3. Phytochemical analysis : PCA
4. Frontiers in neuroscience
5. Chemico-biological interactions

Adaptogen

1. Die Pharmazie
2. Chinese medicine
3. Frontiers in pharmacology
4. Journal of ethnopharmacology
5. Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)

Anticancer

1. Dr. Duke
2. Die Pharmazie
3. Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics
4. The American journal of Chinese medicine
5. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Adaptogenic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. Phytotherapy research : PTR
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Neuroprotective

1. Journal of natural products
2. Chemico-biological interactions
3. Frontiers in nutrition
4. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antifatigue

1. Dr. Duke
2. Di 1 jun yi da xue xue bao = Academic journal of the first medical college of PLA
3. The American journal of Chinese medicine

Antibacterial

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Anticarcinogenic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Voprosy onkologii

Antidiabetic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Antihyperlipidemic

1. Dr. Duke
2. Frontiers in pharmacology

Conditions

Eleutherococcus senticosus has 48 reported investigations on conditions identified across 37 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported conditions include fatigue, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, cough.

Fatigue

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Frontiers in pharmacology
3. Journal of ethnopharmacology
4. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Alzheimer's disease

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Food chemistry

Parkinson's disease

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Cancer

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Pharmacological research

Cough

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Chemistry & biodiversity

Neurodegenerative diseases

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
2. Journal of natural products

Alzheimer disease

1. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology

Arrhythmia

1. Chemistry & biodiversity

Candida albicans

1. Arzneimittel-Forschung

Mmps

1. Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences

Preparations

Eleutherococcus senticosus has 50 reported preparations identified across 37 scientific publications and several other databases. The most consistently reported preparations include extract, Eleutherococcus senticosus extract, ethanol extract, root extracts, AS injection.

Extract

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
2. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology
3. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics

Eleutherococcus senticosus extract

1. The American journal of Chinese medicine
2. Voprosy onkologii

Ethanol extract

1. Phytotherapy research : PTR
2. Chinese medicine

Root extracts

1. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry
2. Arthritis research & therapy

As injection

1. Zhongguo Zhong xi yi jie he za zhi Zhongguo Zhongxiyi jiehe zazhi = Chinese journal of integrated traditional and Western medicine

Asc extracts

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Acanthopanacis senticosi radix et rhizoma seu caulis

1. Chinese medicine

Acanthopanax senticocus polysaccharides (asps)

1. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Acanthopanax senticosus extract

1. BioMed research international

Acanthopanax senticosus injection

1. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica