What to know about Cynara scolymus (artichoke) before using it medicinally

Cynara scolymus, commonly known as artichoke, is a revered herb celebrated for its impressive health benefits, including its ability to stimulate digestion, lower cholesterol levels, and even aid in weight management.

From a horticultural perspective, Cynara scolymus is a perennial thistle native to the Mediterranean region, which requires well-draining soil and a full sun environment to thrive. Botanically, Cynara scolymus is characterized by its large, edible flower buds and a distinctive, silvery-green foliage.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were among the first to cultivate and admire this versatile herb, which has been prized for its culinary, medicinal, and symbolic value for centuries.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cynara scolymus .

What are the medicinal properties of Cynara scolymus ?

Cynara scolymus helps with cholesterol reduction, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and digestive issues. It has been used to improve lipid profiles, lower LDL cholesterol, and reduce triglycerides. Artichoke also has hepatoprotective properties and supports liver function.

The active constituents of artichoke include cynarin, silymarin, and caffeic acid, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. Cynarin is a flavonoid that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Silymarin is a polyphenol that has hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. Caffeic acid has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

The parts of the plant most used for medicinal purposes are the leaves and flowers. Artichoke leaves are rich in cynarin and are used to make extracts and infusions. The flowers are also used to make infusions and are rich in caffeic acid and other polyphenols. The root is also used, but to a lesser extent.

When used improperly, artichoke can cause gastrointestinal side effects, including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. It can also cause allergic reactions, including skin rashes and itching. The long-term use of artichoke can also lead to kidney damage and liver toxicity.

When using artichoke medicinally, it is essential to follow certain precautions. Patients with kidney or liver disease should consult their doctor before using artichoke. Pregnant and breastfeeding women should also consult their doctor before using artichoke. Additionally, artichoke should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid adverse reactions.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cynara scolymus ?

Cynara scolymus grow best in full sun and well-drained soil with a pH between 6.0 and 7.0. It requires a long growing season, typically 6-8 months, and can tolerate temperatures up to 35°C. Artichoke is a Mediterranean native, thus it prefers a warm and dry climate.

For planting, artichoke prefers a spacing of 1.5-2.0 meters, with the crown about 5-7.5 cm deep. Watering is crucial, especially during the first year, with 10-15 liters per week. Soil with a mix of organic matter and compost is recommended. Plant artichokes in the early spring or fall to avoid extreme temperatures.

Harvest artichokes when the buds are tight and compact, and the leaves are still green. Cut the stem about 2.5-5 cm above the soil surface, leaving some leaves for the plant to photosynthesize. Harvesting in the morning when the buds are most tightly closed, and the temperature is cooler.

Artichokes are susceptible to pests like aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites, as well as diseases like powdery mildew, leaf spot, and crown rot. Regular inspections and integrated pest management strategies can help mitigate these issues. Crop rotation and sanitation practices can also reduce the risk of infection.

What are the botanical aspects of Cynara scolymus ?

Cynara scolymus is a perennial thistle plant with large, edible flower heads that are borne on tall, leafy stems, typically 1-2 meters high, with waxy, silvery-gray leaves.

Cynara scolymus belongs to the family Asteraceae, order Asterales, and is a member of the genus Cynara, which comprises several species of thistle. Its botanical name is derived from the Greek word "kynos," meaning dog, and "ara," meaning thistle.

Several variants of Cynara scolymus exist, including 'Green Globe', 'Purple', and 'Red', which differ in their flower and leaf color, as well as their growth habits and yields. These variants are cultivated worldwide for their edible flower heads.

Cynara scolymus is native to the Mediterranean region, where it grows wild in coastal areas and mountainous regions. It has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including Europe, Africa, and North America.

The life cycle of Cynara scolymus is that of a perennial plant, which grows from a taproot and produces a rosette of leaves in the first year, followed by a flower stalk in the second year. The flower heads are harvested in the summer, while the leaves are harvested in the fall.

What are the historical aspects of Cynara scolymus ?

Cynara scolymus is an edible flower bud that has been used for various purposes throughout history. In ancient Greece, it was used as a food source, while in Rome, it was used as a delicacy. In the Middle Ages, it was used in medicine.

In Greek mythology, the artichoke is associated with the goddess Artemis, who was said to have used it as an offering to the gods. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also mentioned the artichoke in his writings.

In some cultures, the artichoke is seen as a symbol of protection and good fortune. In others, it is seen as a symbol of fertility and prosperity. The artichoke is also associated with the concept of rebirth and renewal.

The Greek physician Hippocrates wrote about the artichoke in his texts, noting its medicinal properties. The Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder also wrote about the artichoke in his Naturalis Historia.

Archaeological evidence has been found in ancient Greek and Roman ruins, including artichoke remains at the Pompeii site in Italy. Artichoke paintings have also been found on ancient Egyptian tomb walls.