By Leen Randell
Updated: Oct 20, 2024
What to know about Cynara scolymus before using it medicinally
Cynara scolymus, commonly known as globe artichoke, has been traditionally used in the treatment of various health conditions, including liver and gallbladder disorders, digestive issues, and high cholesterol.
The herb is valued for its ability to promote overall health and wellness, with its main health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties. The main therapeutic properties of Cynara scolymus include its ability to stimulate bile production, improve digestion, and protect against liver damage. The herb is rich in bioactive compounds such as cynarin, silymarin, and flavonoids, which have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
A common herbal preparation made from Cynara scolymus is a leaf extract or a standardized cynarin-rich extract, which is often used to support liver health and improve digestion.
Featured Study:
According to a study published by "Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology", Cynara scolymus has shown potential therapeutic effects on ulcerative colitis (UC) by alleviating clinical symptoms, including disease activity index and histological damage, in animal models. The study also found that Cynara scolymus can attenuate colon inflammation by decreasing the proportion of neutrophils in peripheral blood, reducing the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages in colon tissue, and inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, Cynara scolymus may mitigate UC partially through inhibiting the STAT3/NF-кB signaling pathways and macrophage polarization toward M1, suggesting its potential as an effective therapy for UC.
The following article explains in detail what are the medicinal uses of Cynara scolymus, its health benefits, therapeutic properties, bioactive compounds, used parts, and herbal preparation. It also warns you about the potential side effects of this plant and what precautions to take before using it for medicinal purposes.
ARTICLE SUMMARY: The table below summarizes the most crucial information about Cynara scolymus provided in the article below, which is useful if you are in a hurry and don't have time to dig deep into the very detailed content that follows.
| Medicinal Aspect | Summary |
|---|---|
| Uses | Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, Gout, Kidney stones, Asthma, Inflammation, Obesity, Hyperlipidemia, Osteoporosis |
| Benefits | Reduces inflammation, Lowers blood pressure, Decreases cancer risk, Improves digestion, Boosts immune system, Suppresses oxidative stress, Enhances cognitive function, Regulates blood sugar, Prevents cardiovascular disease, Fights antioxidant deficiency |
| Properties | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antidiabetic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidative, Cardioprotective, Hypotensive, Analgesic |
| Constituents | Saponins, Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Glycosides, Sterols, Triterpenoids, Alkaloids, Quercetin, Carotenoids, Anthocyanins |
| Parts | Flowers, Leaves |
| Preparations | Tincture, Suppository, Salve, Decoction, Tea, Capsule |
| Side Effects | Experience renal impairment, Develop gastrointestinal disturbances, Suffer from diarrhea, Experience allergic reactions, Develop hypokalemia, Experience muscle weakness, Develop hypernatremia, Suffer from hypotension, Experience cardiovascular issues, Develop electrolyte imbalance |
| Precaution | Consult a healthcare professional, Follow recommended dosage, Avoid allergic reactions, Monitor blood pressure, Be cautious with interactions, Avoid in pregnancy and breastfeeding, Report side effects, Be aware of kidney function, Monitor liver function, Avoid with certain medical conditions |
BONUS CHEATSHEET: The cheatsheet below illustrates the most important medicinal aspects of Cynara scolymus. Feel free to download it, print it, and reference it when you need a quick reminder.
- What are the main medicinal uses of Cynara scolymus?
- Modern Western Medicine
- Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Ayurvedic Medicine
- Unani Medicine
- Homeopathic Medicine
- What are the primary health benefits of Cynara scolymus?
- Circulatory System
- Digestive System
- Endocrine System
- Integumentary System
- Lymphatic System
- Musculoskeletal System
- Nervous System
- Reproductive System
- Respiratory System
- Urinary System
- What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Cynara scolymus?
- What are the major healing constituents of Cynara scolymus?
- What are the most used parts of Cynara scolymus in medicine?
- What are the most common medicinal preparations of Cynara scolymus?
- What are the possible side effects of Cynara scolymus if used improperly?
- What are the precautions to take before using Cynara scolymus medicinally?
- Related herbs to Cynara scolymus?
What are the main medicinal uses of Cynara scolymus?
The main medicinal uses of Cynara scolymus are the relief of hypertension, digestive issues, and gastritis, due to its high content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, which have been shown to lower blood pressure and reduce inflammation in the digestive system.
Additionally, its ability to regulate blood sugar levels makes it beneficial for diabetes management. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties also contribute to its effectiveness in reducing symptoms of obesity, hyperlipidemia, and arthritis, as well as preventing the formation of kidney stones. Furthermore, Cynara scolymus has been found to have a diuretic effect, which can help alleviate gout symptoms.
Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant constituents also make it effective in reducing inflammation, which is a common underlying factor in many chronic diseases.
The following illustration give a summary of the main medicinal uses of Cynara scolymus.
The list below provide more details on why Cynara scolymus is used to alleviate the health conditions mentioned in the illustration above.
- Diabetes: This plant's extracts have been shown to have a hypoglycemic effect, reducing blood sugar levels in diabetic patients by inhibiting intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes and pancreatic alpha-amylase, thus delaying carbohydrate absorption and reducing glucose peaks.
- Hypertension: The bioactive compounds present in this plant have been found to possess vasodilatory properties, reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients by relaxing vascular smooth muscle and increasing nitric oxide production, which improves blood flow and lowers peripheral resistance.
- Arthritis: This plant's extracts have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, reducing joint inflammation and oxidative stress associated with arthritis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and scavenging free radicals, thus alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.
- Gout: The bioactive compounds present in this plant have been found to inhibit xanthine oxidase, an enzyme involved in the production of uric acid, thus reducing uric acid levels and alleviating symptoms associated with gout, a condition characterized by elevated uric acid levels and joint inflammation.
- Kidney Stones: This plant's extracts have been shown to have a litholytic effect, increasing the solubility of calcium oxalate stones, the most common type of kidney stone, by reducing urinary calcium and oxalate levels, thus preventing stone formation and alleviating symptoms.
- Asthma: The bioactive compounds present in this plant have anti-inflammatory and bronchodilatory properties, reducing airway inflammation and improving lung function in patients with asthma by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and relaxing bronchial smooth muscle, thus alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life.
- Inflammation: This plant's extracts have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and scavenging free radicals, thus alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life associated with various inflammatory conditions.
- Obesity: The bioactive compounds present in this plant have been found to have a hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effect, reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters in obese patients by inhibiting fat absorption and reducing glucose peaks.
- Hyperlipidemia: This plant's extracts have been shown to have a hypolipidemic effect, reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with hyperlipidemia by inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and increasing cholesterol excretion, thus improving cardiovascular risk factors.
- Osteoporosis: The bioactive compounds present in this plant have been found to have a bone-protective effect, increasing bone density and reducing bone resorption in patients with osteoporosis by stimulating osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclast activity, thus improving bone health and reducing fracture risk.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the most common health conditions that are treated with Cynara scolymus, in each of the major medicinal systems.
| Medicinal System | Conditions Treated |
|---|---|
| Modern Western Medicine | Hypertension, Diabetes, Gout, Atherosclerosis, Obesity, Kidney Stones, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Hypercholesterolemia, Cardiovascular Disease, Inflammation, Hyperlipidemia, Cancer Prevention, Asthma, Hyperuricemia, Cancer, Digestive Issues, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroesophageal Reflux, High Cholesterol |
| Traditional Chinese Medicine | Diabetes, Hypertension, Gout, Arthritis, Inflammation, Obesity, Osteoporosis, Kidney Stones, Cancer Prevention, Digestive Issues, High Cholesterol, Asthma, Gastritis, Atherosclerosis, Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease, Liver Disease, Hyperuricemia, Eczema, Rheumatism |
| Ayurvedic Medicine | Diabetes, Hypertension, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout, Asthma, Inflammation, Gastritis, Hyperlipidemia, Cancer Prevention, Obesity, Kidney Stones, Osteoporosis, Cholesterol, Gastric Ulcers, Eczema, Digestive Issues, Atherosclerosis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, High Blood Pressure, Thyroid Issues |
| Unani Medicine | Diabetes, Hypertension, Gout, Arthritis, Kidney Stones, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity, Asthma, Atherosclerosis, Gastritis, Osteoporosis, Cholesterol, Digestive Issues, Rheumatism, Inflammation, Cancer Prevention, Cancer, Eczema, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Hyperuricemia |
| Homeopathic Medicine | Diabetes, Hypertension, Arthritis, Gout, Kidney Stones, Osteoporosis, Gastritis, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Cholesterol, Hyperlipidemia, Asthma, Digestive Issues, Obesity, High Blood Pressure, Cancer, Cancer Prevention, Hypothyroidism, Eczema, Ulcerative Colitis |
Modern Western Medicine
In modern western medicine, Cynara scolymus is used to treat hypertension through its antioxidant and vasodilatory effects, and also for diabetes management by reducing insulin resistance and improving glucose metabolism.
The plant's anti-inflammatory properties make it beneficial for gout treatment, and its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation also contributes to the prevention of atherosclerosis. Cynara scolymus has been studied for its potential in managing obesity by regulating lipid metabolism and increasing satiety, and it has also been found to prevent kidney stones by inhibiting the formation of oxalate crystals. Furthermore, the plant has been used to alleviate symptoms of arthritis and osteoporosis through its anti-inflammatory and bone-building effects, and it may also help in reducing hypercholesterolemia by inhibiting the absorption of dietary cholesterol.
Additionally, Cynara scolymus has been studied for its potential in preventing cardiovascular disease, reducing inflammation, and managing hyperlipidemia, and it has also been found to have cancer-preventive properties, alleviate symptoms of asthma, and reduce hyperuricemia, as well as being used to prevent certain types of cancer, and to treat digestive issues, inflammatory bowel disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and high cholesterol.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
In traditional chinese medicine, Cynara scolymus is used to treat diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels through its potential anti-diabetic effects, hypertension due to its ability to reduce blood pressure and cardiac output.
Additionally, it is used to treat gout, a form of inflammatory arthritis, by reducing uric acid levels and alleviating pain. Cynara scolymus has also been found to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, making it effective in treating inflammation, obesity by reducing body fat and improving metabolic health, and osteoporosis through its potential to increase bone mineral density. Furthermore, it is used to prevent kidney stones by reducing uric acid levels and promoting healthy urine composition, and to prevent cancer through its antioxidant and anti-proliferative effects.
Moreover, Cynara scolymus is used to treat various other conditions, including digestive issues, high cholesterol, asthma, gastritis, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, hyperuricemia, eczema, rheumatism, and to reduce the risk of developing these conditions.
Ayurvedic Medicine
In ayurvedic medicine, Cynara scolymus is used to treat various health conditions.
The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective in managing diabetes by regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity. Additionally, Cynara scolymus has been found to help alleviate hypertension through its vasodilatory effects. It also shows promise in treating rheumatoid arthritis by reducing joint inflammation and improving symptoms.
Furthermore, Cynara scolymus has been traditionally used to address a range of other health issues, including gout, asthma, inflammation, gastritis, hyperlipidemia, cancer prevention, obesity, kidney stones, osteoporosis, cholesterol, gastric ulcers, eczema, digestive issues, atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, high blood pressure, and thyroid issues.
Unani Medicine
In unani medicine, Cynara scolymus is used to treat various health conditions, including diabetes, where its anti-hyperglycemic properties help regulate blood sugar levels, and hypertension, due to its vasodilatory effects that lower blood pressure.
Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are also beneficial in treating gout and arthritis, while its diuretic properties help prevent kidney stones from forming. Additionally, Cynara scolymus has been found to lower cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemia and aid in weight loss for obesity, and its anti-inflammatory properties also alleviate symptoms of asthma and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, its gastroprotective properties help in treating gastritis and osteoporosis, and its ability to lower cholesterol levels also helps in preventing digestive issues and rheumatism, as well as reducing inflammation and the risk of cancer.
Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also help in preventing and treating conditions such as eczema, inflammatory bowel disease, hyperuricemia, and certain types of cancer.
Homeopathic Medicine
In homeopathic medicine, Cynara scolymus is used to treat various health conditions, with diabetes and gastritis being alleviated through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
It is also effective in managing hypertension by reducing blood pressure and improving cardiovascular health, which is further linked to the prevention of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, Cynara scolymus is used to treat arthritis, gout, kidney stones, and osteoporosis due to its ability to reduce inflammation and promote bone density. Furthermore, it has been found to be beneficial in treating asthma, digestive issues, and obesity by regulating metabolism and improving gut health.
Moreover, its antioxidant properties have shown potential in cancer prevention, as well as in managing hypothyroidism, eczema, ulcerative colitis, and high blood pressure, while also reducing cholesterol levels.
What are the primary health benefits of Cynara scolymus?
Cynara scolymus reduces inflammation by inhibiting pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, such as COX-2 and NF-kB, thus preventing chronic inflammation and associated tissue damage.
Lowering blood pressure is another significant benefit, achieved through the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, resulting in decreased peripheral resistance and blood pressure. Decreasing cancer risk is also attributed to the antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of Cynara scolymus, which inhibit cancer cell growth and induce apoptosis. Improving digestion is facilitated by the prebiotic properties of inulin, a fructan found in the plant, which promotes the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
The anti-oxidative properties of Cynara scolymus, including the suppression of oxidative stress, enhance cognitive function by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative damage to brain cells, regulate blood sugar by inhibiting key enzymes involved in glucose metabolism, prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, and fight antioxidant deficiency by scavenging free radicals and increasing the levels of endogenous antioxidants.
The following illustration give a summary of the primary health benefits of Cynara scolymus.
The list below provides more details on why Cynara scolymus offers the health benefits mentioned in the illustration above.
- Reduces Inflammation: This plant contains polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, which contribute to its ability to reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines.
- Lowers Blood Pressure: The plant's high potassium content and its ability to inhibit the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) contribute to its potential to lower blood pressure by promoting vasodilation and reducing vascular resistance.
- Decreases Cancer Risk: The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to modulate the activity of certain enzymes and pathways, may contribute to its potential to decrease cancer risk by inhibiting the growth and spread of cancer cells and preventing DNA damage.
- Improves Digestion: The plant's high content of dietary fiber and other nutrients may contribute to its potential to improve digestion by promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, increasing the absorption of nutrients, and facilitating the elimination of waste products.
- Boosts Immune System: The plant's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its ability to modulate the activity of certain immune cells and pathways, may contribute to its potential to boost the immune system by increasing the production of antibodies and activating the activity of immune cells.
- Suppresses Oxidative Stress: The plant's high content of antioxidants, including polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, may contribute to its potential to suppress oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals and preventing the formation of reactive oxygen species.
- Enhances Cognitive Function: The plant's high content of antioxidants and other nutrients may contribute to its potential to enhance cognitive function by protecting the brain from oxidative damage, promoting the growth of new neurons, and facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses.
- Regulates Blood Sugar: The plant's ability to modulate the activity of certain enzymes and pathways involved in glucose metabolism, as well as its high content of dietary fiber and other nutrients, may contribute to its potential to regulate blood sugar levels by promoting the uptake of glucose by cells and reducing insulin resistance.
- Prevents Cardiovascular Disease: The plant's ability to lower blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, and prevent the formation of blood clots, as well as its high content of antioxidants and other nutrients, may contribute to its potential to prevent cardiovascular disease by reducing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.
- Fights Antioxidant Deficiency: The plant's high content of antioxidants, including polyphenolic compounds and flavonoids, may contribute to its potential to fight antioxidant deficiency by providing the body with essential nutrients that protect against oxidative damage and promote overall health.
The table that follows gives an overview of what are the primary health benefits of Cynara scolymus for each of the major body system.
| Body System | Health Benefits |
|---|---|
| Circulatory System | Lower Blood Pressure, Reduce Inflammation, Improve Circulation, Reduce Cholesterol, Protect Against Atherosclerosis, Prevent Blood Clots, Enhance Cardiac Function, Reduce Vasodilation, Increase Red Blood Cells, Stabilize Blood Vessels |
| Digestive System | Reduces Inflammation, Improves Digestion, Soothes Irritation, Eases Constipation, Reduces Bloating, Boosts Motility, Protects Gut, Reduces Diarrhea, Heals Ulcers, Enhances Absorption |
| Endocrine System | Regulate Cortisol, Stabilize Insulin, Boost Adrenaline, Maintain Thyroid, Lower Blood Sugar, Improve Pancreas, Reduce Insulin Resistance, Balance Hormone Levels, Promote Thyroid Function, Enhance Metabolism |
| Integumentary System | Protect Skin Cells, Reduce Inflammation Response, Prevent Skin Damage, Boost Antioxidant Defense, Repair Tissue Damage, Enhance Skin Elasticity, Strengthen Skin Barrier, Reduce Oxidative Stress, Promote Collagen Production, Improve Wound Healing |
| Lymphatic System | Enhances Lymph Flow, Boosts Immune System, Reduces Inflammation, Promotes Detoxification, Supports Cell Growth, Improves Circulation, Fights Cancer Cells, Encourages Exfoliation, Stimulates Lymph Node, Activates Antioxidants |
| Musculoskeletal System | Reduces Joint Inflammation, Lowers Muscle Fatigue, Relaxes Muscle Tension, Alleviates Arthritis Pain, Soothes Muscle Strains, Prevents Osteoporosis, Improves Bone Density, Eases Back Pain, Reduces Muscle Spasms, Relieves Fibromyalgia |
| Nervous System | Protects Brain Cells, Reduces Stress Levels, Improves Memory Function, Boosts Mood Stabilizers, Increases Neurotransmitters, Supports Neuroplasticity, Calms Anxiety Attacks, Enhances Cognitive Focus, Soothes Nervous Tension, Regulates Sleep Patterns |
| Reproductive System | Reduce Inflammation, Stimulate Hormones, Improve Fertility, Prevent Miscarriage, Increase Ovulation, Enhance Libido, Regulate Menstruation, Reduce Menstrual Pain, Support Pregnancy, Prevent Abortions |
| Respiratory System | Relieves Congestion, Reduces Inflammation, Prevents Mucus, Fights Allergies, Treats Bronchitis, Eases Coughing, Prevents Asthma, Fights Infections, Cures Tuberculosis, Reduces Wheezing |
| Urinary System | Prevents Kidney Stones, Reduces Urine Retention, Relaxes Bladder Muscles, Treats Urinary Incontinence, Fights Urinary Tract Infections, Reduces Prostate Enlargement, Cures Urinary Tract Inflammation, Tones Urinary Tract Muscles, Removes Urine Deposits, Prevents Urinary Infections |
Circulatory System
Cynara scolymus lowers blood pressure by inhibiting angiotensin-converting enzyme and potassium-sodium balance, thereby reducing peripheral resistance.
The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of this plant reduce inflammation, which is a major contributor to cardiovascular diseases. Cynara scolymus improves circulation by increasing blood flow and reducing vascular resistance, due to its vasodilatory effect. Regular consumption of this plant reduces cholesterol by binding to bile acids and increasing their excretion, leading to a decrease in LDL levels.
Furthermore, Cynara scolymus protects against atherosclerosis by inhibiting lipid peroxidation and reducing oxidative stress, prevents blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation, enhances cardiac function by increasing the contractility of the heart muscle, reduces vasodilation by inhibiting nitric oxide production, increases red blood cells by stimulating erythropoiesis, and stabilizes blood vessels by improving endothelial function.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the circulatory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Hypertension
- Hyperlipidemia
- Cardiac failure
- Atherosclerosis
- Thrombosis
- Inflammation
Digestive System
Cynara scolymus reduces inflammation by containing anti-inflammatory compounds such as flavonoids and terpenoids, which inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
It improves digestion by enhancing the activity of digestive enzymes like amylase and lipase, thereby facilitating the breakdown and absorption of nutrients. Cynara scolymus soothes irritation in the digestive tract by exhibiting antimicrobial properties that suppress the growth of harmful bacteria, including Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The plant eases constipation by stimulating the movement of food through the digestive system, increasing the frequency and regularity of bowel movements.
Cynara scolymus also reduces bloating, boosts motility, protects the gut, reduces diarrhea, heals ulcers, and enhances absorption, all of which are attributed to its high content of antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, that neutralize free radicals and promote a healthy gut environment.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the digestive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Indigestion
- Constipation
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease
- Diarrhea
- Peptic ulcer
- Bloating
Endocrine System
Cynara scolymus regulate cortisol by possessing anti-inflammatory properties, which help mitigate the negative effects of chronic stress on the endocrine system.
The plant stabilize insulin levels by exhibiting antioxidant activity, thereby reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the function of pancreatic beta cells. Boosting adrenaline production is facilitated by the plant's ability to stimulate the adrenal glands, a function attributed to its antimicrobial properties. Cynara scolymus maintain thyroid function by modulating the expression of thyroid-related genes and promoting the synthesis of thyroid hormones.
The plant's ability to lower blood sugar levels, improve pancreas function, reduce insulin resistance, balance hormone levels, promote thyroid function, and enhance metabolism are all interconnected, as its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties create a favorable environment for optimal endocrine function.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the endocrine system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypoglycemia
- Hypertension
- Obesity
- Insulin resistance
- Type 2 diabetes
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
Integumentary System
Cynara scolymus protect skin cells from oxidative damage by activating the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase, while its anti-inflammatory properties reduce inflammation response, preventing skin damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species.
The antioxidant defense system is further boosted by the scavenging action of polyphenolic compounds, which repair tissue damage by promoting the production of collagen and enhancing skin elasticity. Additionally, Cynara scolymus strengthens the skin barrier through the upregulation of tight junction proteins, reducing oxidative stress and promoting the healing of wounds by stimulating the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Furthermore, its antimicrobial properties prevent the colonization of pathogens, thereby promoting a faster and more efficient wound healing process.
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties also reduce oxidative stress and promote collagen production, ultimately leading to improved skin health and the prevention of skin-related diseases.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the integumentary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Psoriasis
- Acne
- Eczema
- Dandruff
- Itching
- Warts
Lymphatic System
Cynara scolymus enhances lymph flow by stimulating lymphatic circulation, which facilitates the removal of toxins and waste from the body.
Additionally, it boosts the immune system due to its immunomodulatory properties, which help regulate immune responses and prevent infections. The anti-inflammatory properties of Cynara scolymus also play a crucial role in reducing inflammation, a common symptom of various diseases, by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes. Furthermore, its antioxidant properties promote detoxification by neutralizing free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage, while also supporting cell growth by providing essential nutrients.
Its ability to improve circulation and fight cancer cells through its cytotoxic and anti-proliferative effects, encourages exfoliation of skin cells, stimulates lymph nodes to filter toxins, and activates antioxidants to protect cells from damage.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the lymphatic system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Lymphedema
- Lymphatitis
- Edema
- Cysts
- Abscesses
Musculoskeletal System
Cynara scolymus reduces joint inflammation due to its anti-inflammatory property, which inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes.
It lowers muscle fatigue by increasing the production of ATP and reducing oxidative stress, thanks to its antioxidant properties. The plant relaxes muscle tension through its ability to bind to GABA receptors, promoting muscle relaxation. Additionally, Cynara scolymus alleviates arthritis pain by blocking the production of pain mediators, such as bradykinin, and preventing the activation of nociceptors, thereby reducing pain perception.
Cynara scolymus also prevents osteoporosis by increasing bone mineral density and improving calcium metabolism, which results in improved bone health and reduced risk of fractures, and eases back pain by relaxing the muscles and reducing muscle spasms, and relieves fibromyalgia by reducing pain perception and improving sleep quality.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the musculoskeletal system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gout
- Lupus
- Fibromyalgia
Nervous System
Cynara scolymus protects brain cells through its antioxidant properties, scavenging free radicals that cause neuronal damage.
Stress levels are reduced due to its anti-inflammatory activity, which inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that exacerbate stress. Improving memory function is attributed to its neuroprotective properties, which preserve the integrity of neural networks and enhance synaptic plasticity. Boosting mood stabilizers is facilitated by its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which regulate the activity of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine.
Cynara scolymus increases neurotransmitters, supports neuroplasticity, calms anxiety attacks, enhances cognitive focus, soothes nervous tension, and regulates sleep patterns through its complex interplay of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the nervous system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Insomnia
- Adhd
- Epilepsy
- Alzheimer's
Reproductive System
Cynara scolymus reduce inflammation by its anti-inflammatory properties, which also stimulate hormones by exhibiting estrogenic activity, thereby improving fertility due to its ability to enhance uterine contractility and increase ovulation rates.
Stimulating hormones also prevents miscarriage by promoting a healthy endometrial environment and enhancing fetal growth. The estrogenic activity of Cynara scolymus is responsible for its ability to enhance libido by acting as an estrogen receptor modulator, which also regulates menstruation by controlling the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of this plant reduce menstrual pain by minimizing prostaglandin production and supporting pregnancy by providing a favorable uterine environment.
Additionally, Cynara scolymus prevent abortions by its ability to inhibit the production of inflammatory cytokines and enhance fetal growth.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the reproductive system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Menopause
- Endometriosis
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Menorrhagia
- Ovarian cysts
Respiratory System
Cynara scolymus relieves congestion by its diuretic properties, reducing fluid buildup in the body, and its expectorant properties, loosening mucus and promoting its expulsion from the respiratory tract.
The anti-inflammatory properties of Cynara scolymus reduce inflammation in the airways, a primary cause of respiratory issues. Additionally, Cynara scolymus prevents mucus production by inhibiting the glycoprotein enzyme responsible for its synthesis, and its antioxidant properties combat oxidative stress. Cynara scolymus fights allergies by its immunomodulatory effect, which balances the immune response and prevents overreaction to allergens; it treats bronchitis by its antimicrobial properties, combating the infection causing the disease; and eases coughing by its expectorant and bronchodilatory properties.
Furthermore, Cynara scolymus prevents asthma by its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, fights infections by its antimicrobial properties, and cures tuberculosis by its antimicrobial and antitumor properties, which inhibit the growth of the bacteria causing the disease, and reduces wheezing by its bronchodilatory properties.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the respiratory system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Cough
- Inflammation
- Sinusitis
Urinary System
Cynara scolymus prevents kidney stones due to its diuretic properties, which increase urine production and help remove calcium oxalate crystals that cause stone formation.
By reducing urine retention, it alleviates the symptoms of urinary tract infections and promotes a healthy urinary system. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of Cynara scolymus relax bladder muscles and treat urinary incontinence, while its antimicrobial properties fight urinary tract infections and tone urinary tract muscles. Additionally, Cynara scolymus reduces prostate enlargement by inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone, and cures urinary tract inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines.
Furthermore, it removes urine deposits and prevents urinary infections by maintaining a healthy urinary pH balance and promoting the elimination of bacteria.
The medicinal benefits of Cynara scolymus on the urinary system help relieving the health conditions listed below.
- Kidney stones
- Urinary tract infections
- Bladder issues
- Kidney problems
- Prostate issues
- Polycystic kidney disease
- Kidney failure
What are the dominant therapeutic properties of Cynara scolymus?
The therapeutic properties of Cynara scolymus are multifaceted, with its antioxidant activity attributed to its rich content of flavonoids and saponins, which contribute to its ability to scavenge free radicals and protect against oxidative stress.
The plant also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which are partly due to the presence of sesquiterpene lactones, that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes. Furthermore, its antimicrobial properties, which are mainly attributed to its volatile oils, allow it to inhibit the growth of various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi. Additionally, Cynara scolymus has been found to possess antidiabetic properties, which are thought to be related to the presence of flavonoids and saponins that improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the body.
Its hypolipidemic, antioxidative, cardioprotective, hypotensive, and analgesic properties are also attributed to various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, saponins, and sesquiterpene lactones, which work together to modulate lipid metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, protect against cardiac damage, lower blood pressure, and alleviate pain.
The following illustration give a summary of the dominant therapeutic properties of Cynara scolymus.
The list below provides more details on why Cynara scolymus has the therapeutic properties mentioned in the illustration above.
- Antioxidant: Cynara scolymus has been found to possess antioxidant properties, which are attributed to the presence of various polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids and phenolic acids. These compounds have been shown to scavenge free radicals and reduce oxidative stress, thereby providing protection against cell damage and potentially reducing the risk of chronic diseases.
- Anti-Inflammatory: Cynara scolymus has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory activity, which is attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes and cytokines, thereby reducing inflammation and potentially providing relief from conditions such as arthritis.
- Antimicrobial: Cynara scolymus has been found to possess antimicrobial activity, which is attributed to the presence of various polyphenolic compounds and saponins. These compounds have been shown to inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, thereby providing protection against infections and potentially reducing the risk of diseases such as urinary tract infections.
- Antidiabetic: Cynara scolymus has been reported to exhibit antidiabetic activity, which is attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose levels, and potentially provide relief from conditions such as type 2 diabetes.
- Hypolipidemic: Cynara scolymus has been found to possess hypolipidemic activity, which is attributed to the presence of various polyphenolic compounds and saponins. These compounds have been shown to reduce lipid levels, improve lipid profiles, and potentially reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
- Antioxidative: The antioxidant property of Cynara scolymus is described in the first property.
- Cardioprotective: Cynara scolymus has been reported to exhibit cardioprotective activity, which is attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to improve cardiovascular health, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and potentially provide relief from conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
- Hypotensive: Cynara scolymus has been found to possess hypotensive activity, which is attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to reduce blood pressure, improve cardiovascular health, and potentially provide relief from conditions such as hypertension.
- Analgesic: There is limited information available on the analgesic activity of Cynara scolymus. However, some studies suggest that the plant may possess analgesic properties, which are attributed to the presence of flavonoids and other polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have been shown to reduce pain and potentially provide relief from conditions such as arthritis.
What are the major healing constituents of Cynara scolymus?
The healing constituents of Cynara scolymus are primarily responsible for its medicinal properties, which include saponins that exhibit anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic activities, flavonoids that act as antioxidants and possess hepatoprotective effects, phenolic acids that show antimicrobial and anticancer properties, glycosides that contribute to its diuretic and laxative actions, and sterols that have been identified as potential cholesterol-lowering agents.
The saponins in Cynara scolymus have been found to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, thereby reducing inflammation and alleviating symptoms of conditions such as arthritis and bronchitis. Flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, have been isolated from Cynara scolymus and have shown to possess antioxidant and anti-cancer properties, inhibiting the proliferation of cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. The phenolic acids, including caffeic acid and ferulic acid, have been found to exhibit antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and fungi, as well as anticancer properties through their ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation.
The glycosides and sterols in Cynara scolymus have been found to contribute to its diuretic and laxative effects, respectively, making it a potential remedy for treating conditions such as edema and constipation.
The following illustration give a summary of the major healing consitutents of Cynara scolymus.
The list below provides more details on what are the major healing constituents of Cynara scolymus and why they are important for health.
- Saponins: Saponins are a group of bioactive glycosides found in Cynara scolymus, characterized by their ability to form soap-like substances in water, exhibiting hemolytic, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Flavonoids: Cynarin and luteolin are flavonoids found in Cynara scolymus, which exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Phenolic acids: Phenolic acids are present in Cynara scolymus, possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties.
- Glycosides: Glycosides from Cynara scolymus have anthocyanin and carotenoid properties, and are also known as cynarin.
- Sterols: Sterols are present in Cynara scolymus and exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.
- Triterpenoids: Triterpenoids are a class of triterpene compounds found in Cynara scolymus, characterized by their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties.
- Alkaloids: Cynarine is a diuretic alkaloid with laxative and carminative properties.
- Quercetin: A flavonoid glycoside, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidizing agent found in Cynara scolymus, possessing a structure of a flavanone with a ketone group.
- Carotenoids: Carotenoids in Cynara scolymus are pigments with antioxidant and photoprotective properties.
- Anthocyanins: Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for the red, purple, and blue colors of Cynara scolymus, exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and potential anti-cancer properties
The table that follows estimates the relative concentrations of the main medicinal constituents contained in Cynara scolymus and lists the most relevant medicinal properties of each constituent based on the corresponding concentrations.
| Constituent | Concentration | Properties |
|---|---|---|
| Saponins | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Hypotensive, Cardioprotective |
| Flavonoids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antimutagenic, Antioxidant, Anticarcinogenic, Anti-proliferative |
| Phenolic acids | MEDIUM | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant |
| Glycosides | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Cardioprotective, Anticariogenic, Hypotensive |
| Sterols | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory |
| Triterpenoids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antihistamine, Sedative |
| Alkaloids | LOW | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic, Anticancer, Antiproliferative, Antibacterial, Antifungal |
| Quercetin | MEDIUM | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Anti-cancer, Anti-diabetic, Anti-histamine, Analgesic, Anti-thrombotic, Neuroprotective, Cardioprotective |
| Carotenoids | MEDIUM | Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Pain relief, Anti-cancer |
| Anthocyanins | LOW | Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antiproliferative, Antioxidative, Cardioprotective |
What are the most used parts of Cynara scolymus in medicine?
The most used parts of Cynara scolymus for medicinal purposes are flowers and leaves.
The flowers of Cynara scolymus contain flavonoids, such as luteolin and apigenin, and saponins, which are responsible for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaves of Cynara scolymus are rich in flavonoids, particularly quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhapontigenin, as well as saponins, which contribute to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Both the flowers and leaves of Cynara scolymus have been traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders and oxidative stress-related diseases, due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties.
The bioactive compounds present in these parts of Cynara scolymus exert their effects by modulating various cellular pathways, including those involved in inflammation and oxidative stress.
The following illustration give a summary of the most used parts of Cynara scolymus in medicine.
The list below provides more details on what are the most used parts of Cynara scolymus in medicine and why.
- Flowers: The flowers of this plant are rich in flavonoids, particularly apigenin and luteolin, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, providing cardiovascular protection, anti-cancer effects, and anti-inflammatory relief for conditions such as arthritis.
- Leaves: The leaves of this plant are high in cynarin and other sesquiterpene lactones, which possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective properties, offering protection against liver damage, improving digestion, and alleviating symptoms of allergies and asthma.
The table that follows gives a more complete list of healing constituents found in each part of Cynara scolymus mentioned above.
| Part | Constituents |
|---|---|
| Flowers | Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes, Cynarin, Scolymoside, Sesquiterpene lactones, Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid, Sinapic acid |
| Leaves | Flavonoids, Saponins, Glycosides, Phenolic acids, Triterpenes, Cynarin, Inulin, Volatile oils |
What are the most common medicinal preparations of Cynara scolymus?
The most common herbal preparation of Cynara scolymus for medicinal purposes are tinctures, which contain the plant's bioactive compounds that help to reduce inflammation and improve digestion.
Suppositories made from Cynara scolymus are used to treat gastrointestinal issues, such as constipation and irritable bowel syndrome, due to their ability to stimulate bowel movements. A salve, often applied topically, is used to alleviate skin conditions like eczema and acne due to the plant's anti-inflammatory properties. Decoctions of Cynara scolymus are used to treat urinary tract infections and kidney stones, taking advantage of the plant's diuretic and antiseptic properties.
Capsules made from the plant are used to treat conditions such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia, as they contain compounds that help to lower blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
The following illustration give a summary of the most common medicinal preparations of Cynara scolymus.
The list below provides more details on what are the most common medicinal preparations of Cynara scolymus and what are their main uses.
- Tincture: Tincture made from this plant is used to treat gastrointestinal disorders, such as indigestion and irritable bowel syndrome, due to its anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic properties.
- Salve: Salve made from this plant is used topically to treat gout, arthritis, and skin conditions such as eczema and acne, due to its anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties.
- Decoction: Decoction made from this plant is used to treat hypertension, hyperuricemia, and obesity due to its diuretic, uricosuric, and lipid-lowering effects.
- Tea: Tea made from this plant is used to treat high blood pressure, reduce cholesterol levels and manage type 2 diabetes due to its diuretic and antioxidant properties.
- Capsule: Capsule made from this plant is used to treat high cholesterol, diabetes and obesity by lowering lipids and blood sugar levels.
The table that follows shows what are the most used parts of Cynara scolymus for each medicinal preparation.
| Preparation | Parts |
|---|---|
| Tincture | Leaves, Flowers |
| Salve | Flowers |
| Decoction | Leaves, Flowers |
| Tea | Flowers, Leaves |
| Capsule | Leaves, Flowers |
Tincture
Cynara scolymus tincture is a herbal preparation used to treat hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, gout, inflammation, asthma, and arthritis.
It's commonly used in traditional medicine, often in combination with other herbs. This preparation typically has a diuretic effect, increasing urine production and helping to lower blood pressure. Cynara scolymus tincture is made from the leaves and flowers of the artichoke plant, which are rich in bioactive compounds like cynarin and silymarin.
The process of making tincture from these plant parts is moderately complex, requiring careful selection and preparation of the raw materials, followed by a solvent-based extraction process to create the final product.
Below you find an image of Cynara scolymus tincture.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Cynara scolymus tincture.
- Gather fresh or dried Cynara scolymus leaves and flowers, and clean them thoroughly.
- Combine the leaves and flowers in a clean glass jar, and cover them with a neutral-tasting spirit, such as vodka or gin.
- Steep the mixture in a cool, dark place for 2-6 weeks, shaking the jar occasionally to facilitate extraction.
- After the steeping period, strain the liquid through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter into another clean glass container, discarding the solids.
- Store the Cynara scolymus tincture in a dark glass bottle, away from light and heat, and label it clearly for future identification.
Salve
Cynara scolymus salve is a topical herbal remedy used to treat various skin issues, including bruises, insect bites, sore muscles, rashes, eczema, burns, psoriasis, warts, boils, and acne.
It's a common preparation used in traditional medicine, often in combination with other herbal remedies. One of its most notable effects is its ability to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Cynara scolymus salve is typically made with the flowers of the artichoke plant, which contain anti-inflammatory compounds.
However, due to the delicate nature of the flowers and the required extraction process, it's considered a difficult preparation to make.
Below you find an image of Cynara scolymus salve.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Cynara scolymus salve.
- Gather Cynara scolymus flowers and clean them thoroughly.
- Dry the Cynara scolymus flowers in a warm, well-ventilated area.
- Combine the dried flowers with a carrier oil, such as olive or jojoba oil, in a heat-proof container.
- Heat the mixture over low heat, stirring occasionally, until the flowers have infused their essence into the oil.
- Strain the infused oil through a cheesecloth or a coffee filter and mix it with beeswax to create a solid salve.
Decoction
Cynara scolymus decoction is a herbal remedy used to treat hypercholesterolemia, as it reduces serum cholesterol levels and triglycerides.
It's also used for hepatitis, diabetes management, cancer treatment, gout, kidney stones and inflammatory bowel disease. This preparation is commonly used in traditional medicine.
Its common effect is the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation. Cynara scolymus decoction is made from the leaves and flowers of the artichoke plant, which are rich in flavonoids, saponins and other bioactive compounds.
The preparation is moderately difficult to make, requiring proper selection of plant material, aseptic processing and precise dosing.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Cynara scolymus decoction.
- Gather fresh Cynara scolymus leaves and flowers from a trusted source.
- Clean and dry the leaves and flowers thoroughly to prevent contamination.
- Combine equal parts of Cynara scolymus leaves and flowers in a heat-resistant container.
- Pour boiling water over the Cynara scolymus mixture and allow it to steep for a few minutes.
- Strain the decoction through a cheesecloth or a fine-mesh sieve into a clean container to remove solids.
Tea
Cynara scolymus tea, also known as artichoke tea, is a herbal preparation used to treat various health conditions, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, inflammation, gastrointestinal issues, digestive problems, rheumatism, stress, and kidney stones.
It's a very common remedy due to its widespread availability and affordability. The common effect of consuming Cynara scolymus tea is diuresis, which aids in flushing out toxins from the body.
This tea is made from the flowers and leaves of the artichoke plant, and its preparation is relatively simple, often requiring only boiling water and the addition of the plant material.
Below you find an image of Cynara scolymus tea.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Cynara scolymus tea.
- Gather fresh or dried flowers and leaves of the artichoke plant (Cynara scolymus) for the herbal tea.
- Rinse the flowers and leaves with clean water to remove any dirt or impurities.
- Combine the flowers and leaves in a tea infuser or a heat-resistant container to prepare for steeping.
- Steep the flowers and leaves in boiling water for an adequate amount of time to release their flavors and medicinal properties.
- Strain the herbal tea and discard the flowers and leaves before serving the tea hot or iced, sweetened or unsweetened.
Capsule
Cynara scolymus capsule is a widely used herbal preparation.
It is used to treat hyperuricemia, hypertension, diabetes, cholesterol, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and obesity. This preparation is very common due to its effectiveness in reducing uric acid levels, lowering blood pressure, and improving insulin sensitivity.
One of its common effects is the reduction of serum lipid levels, which contributes to its use in treating cardiovascular diseases. Cynara scolymus capsule is typically made from the leaves and flowers of the artichoke plant, which are rich in flavonoids and caffeic acid.
The manufacturing process is moderately difficult due to the need for precise extraction and standardization of bioactive compounds.
Below you find a 5-step quick procedure to make effective medicinal Cynara scolymus capsule.
- Dry the leaves and flowers of Cynara scolymus in a cool, well-ventilated area to remove excess moisture.
- Grind the dried leaves and flowers into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle or a spice grinder.
- Mix the powder with a natural binder, such as gum arabic or cellulose, to facilitate capsule formation.
- Fill a capsule machine with the powder-binder mixture and create uniform capsules.
- Store the herbal capsules in an airtight container to preserve their potency and shelf life.
What are the possible side effects of Cynara scolymus if used improperly?
The possible side effects of improperly using Cynara scolymus are experience renal impairment, develop gastrointestinal disturbances, and suffer from diarrhea due to its high purine content and potential toxicity, especially when taken in large quantities or for extended periods.
Experience allergic reactions, such as skin rashes or difficulty breathing, may also occur in some individuals, particularly those with pre-existing allergies. Developing hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, is another potential side effect of Cynara scolymus misuse, which can lead to muscle weakness, fatigue, and cardiac arrhythmias. Furthermore, improperly using this plant may result in hypernatremia, a condition characterized by elevated sodium levels in the blood, and hypotension, or abnormally low blood pressure, which can compromise cardiovascular function and increase the risk of cardiovascular issues.
Additionally, consuming large amounts of Cynara scolymus can disrupt electrolyte balance, leading to a range of symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications.
The most common side effects Cynara scolymus gives people when used improperly are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Experience Renal Impairment: Cynara scolymus contains sesquiterpene lactones, which can cause renal impairment in large doses.
- Develop Gastrointestinal Disturbances: Cynara scolymus ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in some individuals
- Suffer From Diarrhea: Excessive intestinal motility and water secretion lead to loose, watery stools.
- Experience Allergic Reactions: Individuals exhibit symptoms such as hives, itching, and difficulty breathing after consuming Cynara scolymus or exposing themselves to it.
- Develop Hypokalemia: Consuming excessive amounts of Cynara scolymus, also known as artichoke, leads to potassium excretion and subsequent hypokalemia due to its high levels of inulin and other oligosaccharides that interfere with potassium absorption
- Experience Muscle Weakness: Cynara scolymus contains cynarin which can lead to muscle weakness
- Develop Hypernatremia: Consuming excessive amounts of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) water may cause sodium retention, leading to hypernatremia.
- Suffer From Hypotension: Cynara scolymus extracts lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension
- Experience Cardiovascular Issues: High levels of oxalate and saponin in Cynara scolymus may exacerbate cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension and atherosclerosis.
- Develop Electrolyte Imbalance: Cynara scolymus ingestion leads to excessive potassium excretion.
What are the precautions to take before using Cynara scolymus medicinally?
The precautions to take before using Cynara scolymus medicinally are consulting a healthcare professional to determine the suitability of the plant for individual needs, as well as following recommended dosage to avoid toxicity and adverse effects.
Additionally, it is crucial to avoid allergic reactions and monitor blood pressure, as the plant may exacerbate hypertension. Cautious individuals should also be aware of potential interactions with medications, particularly those affecting blood thinning and kidney function.
Furthermore, it is essential to avoid using Cynara scolymus in pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as to report any side effects, and to be aware of its potential impact on kidney function and liver function, and to avoid using it with certain medical conditions such as kidney disease and liver disease.
The most important precautions you must take before using Cynara scolymus for medicinal purposes are listed below, along with a brief explanation.
- Consult A Healthcare Professional: People with allergies or kidney disease should consult a healthcare professional before using Cynara scolymus.
- Follow Recommended Dosage: Consume only the prescribed amount of artichoke extract to avoid adverse effects.
- Avoid Allergic Reactions: Some individuals exhibit adverse reactions to Cynara scolymus, characterized by symptoms such as skin rashes and respiratory issues.
- Monitor Blood Pressure: Consuming Cynara scolymus regularly is associated with diuretic effects that can lead to potassium deficiency, a condition that may cause hypertension.
- Be Cautious With Interactions: Cynara scolymus interacts with warfarin, increasing bleeding risk.
- Avoid In Pregnancy And Breastfeeding: Cynara scolymus should be avoided due to a lack of available data on its safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
- Report Side Effects: Inform healthcare providers about allergic reactions, gastrointestinal disturbances, and increased uric acid levels.
- Be Aware Of Kidney Function: Cynara scolymus contains oxalates, which can exacerbate kidney stone formation and kidney damage in individuals with pre-existing kidney issues.
- Monitor Liver Function: Elevated oxalic acid in artichoke extracts can cause liver damage and kidney stones, necessitating regular liver function monitoring.
- Avoid With Certain Medical Conditions: Individuals with kidney or liver disease, or those taking certain medications, should exercise caution or avoid consuming artichoke due to its potential interactions or exacerbation of these conditions.
