What to know about Cynara cardunculus (artichoke) before using it medicinally

Cynara cardunculus, commonly known as artichoke, is a medicinal herb renowned for its numerous health benefits, including its ability to lower cholesterol levels, improve digestion, and even reduce blood sugar levels.

This versatile plant has also been cultivated for centuries in the Mediterranean region for its ornamental and edible flowers, as well as its leaves, which are harvested for use in cooking. From a botanical perspective, Cynara cardunculus is a perennial thistle with large, prickly leaves and bright purple flowers that are rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes.

Historically, the herb has been mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman texts, where it was prized for its medicinal and culinary properties, earning it a place in the traditional medicine of many cultures.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cynara cardunculus.

What are the medicinal properties of Cynara cardunculus?

Cynara cardunculus helps with digestive problems, such as irritable bowel syndrome, and may reduce symptoms of dyspepsia and gastritis. It may also lower cholesterol levels and improve liver function. Artichoke extracts are used as a dietary supplement to support weight loss and improve overall health.

The active constituents of Cynara cardunculus include cynarin, cynaropicrin, and saponins, which are responsible for its medicinal properties. These compounds have been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. Cynarin, in particular, is believed to be responsible for the plant's ability to lower cholesterol and improve liver function.

The edible parts of the plant, including the leaves, stems, and flowers, are most commonly used for medicinal purposes. However, the leaves contain a higher concentration of cynarin and cynaropicrin, making them a more potent medicinal extract. The leaves can be consumed fresh, dried, or as a supplement.

Improper use of Cynara cardunculus can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, stomach upset, and interactions with medications. Large doses of cynarin can also cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea and nausea. Long-term use of the plant may also lead to kidney damage and increased risk of bleeding.

Precautions when using Cynara cardunculus medicinally include consulting with a healthcare professional before use, especially for individuals with kidney or liver disease, or those taking medications such as blood thinners and diabetes medications. Additionally, pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid using the plant due to lack of safety data.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cynara cardunculus?

Cynara cardunculus grow best in temperate climates with cool winters and hot summers. This perennial thistle requires full sun, well-drained soil, and a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. Soil must be rich in nutrients, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

For optimal growth, plant artichoke crowns or seedlings in early spring or fall, about 3-4 feet apart. Space plants 4-6 feet apart to prevent overcrowding. Water regularly, providing about 1 inch of water per week. Mulch around plants to retain moisture and suppress weeds.

Artichokes are ready to harvest when buds are large and tight, typically 5-7 months after planting. Cut off flower buds with 2-3 inches of stem attached. Harvest in morning, when plant is at its highest water content. Use a sharp knife to prevent bruising the buds.

Common pests and diseases affecting artichokes include aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Downy mildew, leaf spot, and root rot are common diseases caused by fungi and bacteria. Regularly inspect plants for signs of infestation or infection and take action promptly to prevent damage.

What are the botanical aspects of Cynara cardunculus?

Cynara cardunculus is a thistle-like perennial plant belonging to the Asteraceae family. It has stout stems, grayish-green leaves with lobed or prickly margins, and large, showy, violet-blue flowers. The plant can grow up to 2 meters tall.

Cynara cardunculus is classified as Cynara scolymus, but some taxonomists consider it to be Cynara cardunculus. It is a member of the Cynareae tribe within the Asteraceae family. This classification is based on the plant's morphological and anatomical characteristics, as well as its phylogenetic relationships.

The artichoke plant has several variants, including the French globe, Italian green globe, and the heirloom variety, which differ in their leaf size, flower size, and stalk thickness. The French globe artichoke is one of the most widely cultivated varieties.

The artichoke plant is native to the Mediterranean region, but it has been naturalized in other parts of the world, including the Americas, South Africa, and Australia. It grows in dry to moist soils and can tolerate a range of temperatures.

The life cycle of Cynara cardunculus is annual in some regions, while in others it is perennial. The plant grows from a taproot, producing a rosette of leaves and a central stem with showy flowers in its second year. The plant produces artichoke heads in the third year, which can be harvested and eaten.

What are the historical aspects of Cynara cardunculus?

Cynara cardunculus is a plant with a long history of human use. In ancient Greece, it was used as a food and medicine. The Greeks considered it a delicacy and used it in cooking and as a symbol of wealth. It was also used to treat various ailments. In ancient Rome, it was used in cooking and as a treatment for indigestion.

In ancient Greek and Roman mythology, the artichoke was associated with the goddess Demeter, who was the patron deity of agriculture. The myth of Demeter and her daughter Persephone features an artichoke-like plant, which was said to have been created by Demeter. The artichoke was also associated with the Greek god Dionysus, who was the patron of fertility and agriculture.

The artichoke has been imbued with various symbolic meanings throughout history. In ancient Greece and Rome, it was a symbol of good luck and prosperity. In medieval Europe, it was a symbol of luxury and refinement. In modern times, it is often associated with the Italian and French cuisines, which value its unique flavor and texture.

Cynara cardunculus is mentioned in several historical texts, including the works of ancient Greek physicians Hippocrates and Dioscorides. Dioscorides wrote about its medicinal properties and uses in his book "De Materia Medica". In the 17th century, the English botanist John Gerard included a description of the artichoke in his book "Herball".

Artifacts from ancient Greece and Rome that feature the artichoke have been discovered. The famous ancient Greek vase, the "Vase of the Artichoke", features an artichoke motif. In the Roman forum, a mosaic was discovered featuring an artichoke design. These artifacts demonstrate the artichoke's importance in ancient cultures.