What to know about Cymbopogon nardus (citronella) before using it medicinally

Cymbopogon nardus, commonly known as citronella, is a herbaceous plant that possesses numerous health benefits, including its ability to reduce stress and anxiety while promoting a restful night's sleep.

Cultivated in tropical regions, this fast-growing perennial grass is a popular ornamental plant in gardens, requiring minimal maintenance and care. From a botanical standpoint, Cymbopogon nardus is a member of the Poaceae family, characterized by its long, narrow leaves and compact growth habit.

In traditional Ayurvedic and folk medicine, citronella has been used for centuries to treat various ailments, including fever, rheumatism, and skin irritations.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Cymbopogon nardus.

What are the medicinal properties of Cymbopogon nardus?

Cymbopogon nardus helps with various health issues, including digestive problems, fever reduction, and relief from anxiety and stress. It also possesses anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it effective against infections and wounds. Additionally, it has been used to alleviate symptoms of rheumatism and arthritis.

The active constituents responsible for the medicinal properties of Cymbopogon nardus include geraniol, linalool, and citronellal. These compounds have been shown to possess significant anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities. The essential oil extracted from the plant is the primary source of these active constituents.

The parts of the plant most commonly used for medicinal purposes are the leaves and essential oil. The leaves are often used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, while the essential oil is extracted through steam distillation and used in aromatherapy and as a natural insect repellent. The plant's rhizomes and roots are also used in some traditional medicine practices.

Improper use of Cymbopogon nardus can lead to side effects such as skin irritation, allergic reactions, and gastrointestinal upset. Prolonged use of the essential oil can also cause headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Pregnant women and individuals with allergies should exercise caution when using the plant's essential oil or extracts.

When using Cymbopogon nardus medicinally, precautions include using diluted essential oil blends and avoiding direct skin contact with the essential oil. It is also essential to consult with a healthcare professional before using the plant's extracts or essential oil, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions or allergies.

What are the horticulural aspects of Cymbopogon nardus?

Cymbopogon nardus grow in tropical and subtropical regions with high temperatures and humidity. It thrives in well-drained soils and full sun exposure, tolerating a wide range of pH levels from acidic to alkaline. Average annual rainfall is required, with minimum of 600mm.

Planting tips for Cymbopogon nardus involve selecting a suitable location with adequate sunlight and water supply. The plant is typically propagated through rhizomes or seeds, with a spacing of 30-60cm between individual plants. Soil pH between 5.5 and 7.0 is recommended, with consistent watering to prevent waterlogged conditions.

Harvesting Cymbopogon nardus involves cutting the mature leaves and stems, typically during the peak growth period. Cutting height is around 60-90cm above the ground, leaving a few inches for regrowth. Regular pruning promotes bushy growth and encourages new shoots. Harvesting should be done during early morning to prevent oil degradation.

Pests and diseases affecting Cymbopogon nardus include fungal pathogens such as root rot and leaf spot, while insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scale infestations are also common. Regular monitoring and application of integrated pest management techniques, including organic and chemical controls, can help mitigate these issues.

What are the botanical aspects of Cymbopogon nardus?

Cymbopogon nardus is a perennial grass that grows up to 1.5 meters tall with a spread of 1-2 meters. Leaves are lanceolate, 10-20 mm long, and have a distinctively unpleasant odor when bruised.

Cymbopogon nardus is a member of the Poaceae family, subfamily Panicoideae, tribe Andropogoneae, and is closely related to Cymbopogon citratus. The genus Cymbopogon contains over 90 species, with C. nardus being one of the most widely distributed.

Variants of Cymbopogon nardus include Cymbopogon nardus var. citronellus, which is more compact and fragrant, and Cymbopogon nardus var. odoratissimus, which has a stronger aroma. Other related species include Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii.

Cymbopogon nardus is native to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including Africa, Australia, and the Americas. It thrives in well-drained soil and full sun.

The life cycle of Cymbopogon nardus begins with seed germination, followed by vegetative growth, and culminates in flowering and seed production. The plant typically takes 12-18 months to mature and produces seeds that disperse through wind and water.

What are the historical aspects of Cymbopogon nardus?

Cymbopogon nardus is an herb that has been used for centuries for its medicinal and insect-repelling properties. Its oil is extracted and used in perfumes, insect repellents, and traditional medicine in various cultures.

In ancient Hindu mythology, the citronella plant is associated with the goddess Lakshmi, who is revered for her beauty and prosperity. The plant is also mentioned in the epic Ramayana, where it is described as a sacred offering to the gods.

In various cultures, citronella is a symbol of protection, purification, and spiritual growth. It is often used in rituals and ceremonies to ward off evil spirits and bring good fortune. In some African cultures, the plant is believed to possess healing properties.

The citronella plant is mentioned in ancient texts such as the Ayurvedic Charaka Samhita, which dates back to the 5th century CE. The text describes the plant's medicinal properties and its use in traditional Ayurvedic medicine. The plant is also mentioned in the ancient Greek text, Dioscorides' Materia Medica.

Historical artifacts featuring the citronella plant include ancient Hindu sculptures and frescoes, which depict the goddess Lakshmi surrounded by the plant. In some African cultures, citronella is depicted in traditional textiles and pottery, which are often used in rituals and ceremonies.