What to know about Crataegus × bornmuelleri (hawthorn) before using it medicinally

Crataegus × bornmuelleri, commonly known as hawthorn, is a herb that has been prized for its numerous health benefits, which include its ability to lower cholesterol levels, reduce blood pressure, and prevent heart disease.

In terms of horticultural aspects, Crataegus × bornmuelleri is a deciduous shrub or small tree that thrives in temperate climates and is often used as an ornamental plant in gardens. From a botanical standpoint, this herb belongs to the Rosaceae family and is characterized by its distinctive thorny branches and small, white or pink flowers.

Historical references to Crataegus × bornmuelleri date back to ancient times, with the Greek physician Dioscorides and the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder both noting its medicinal properties.

This article explains the medicinal, horticultural, botanical, and historical aspects of Crataegus × bornmuelleri.

What are the medicinal properties of Crataegus × bornmuelleri?

Crataegus × bornmuelleri helps with cardiovascular issues, including high blood pressure, chest pain, and arrhythmias. It is also used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Some studies suggest its potential in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

The active constituents responsible for hawthorn's medicinal properties are flavonoids, oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs), and tannins. These compounds have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular-protective effects. Flavonoids, in particular, have been linked to improved endothelial function and reduced platelet aggregation.

The most commonly used parts of the hawthorn plant for medicinal purposes are the leaves, flowers, and berries. The leaves contain the highest concentration of OPCs and flavonoids, while the flowers are rich in vitamin C and flavonoids. The berries are often used as a dietary supplement, providing a combination of flavonoids and OPCs.

Improper use of hawthorn can cause side effects such as nausea, dizziness, and gastrointestinal upset. High doses or prolonged use can also lead to interactions with other medications, particularly those for blood thinning, diabetes, or hypertension. Adverse effects are generally associated with excessive consumption.

Precautions when using hawthorn medicinally include consulting a healthcare professional before starting treatment, especially for individuals with underlying medical conditions. Patients should also be aware of potential interactions with medications and adjust dosages accordingly. Regular monitoring of cardiovascular parameters is essential during treatment.

What are the horticulural aspects of Crataegus × bornmuelleri?

Crataegus × bornmuelleri grow best in full sun to partial shade with a cool to neutral soil pH, ranging from 6.0 to 7.0. The plant prefers well-drained soil and can tolerate a wide range of soil types. It requires a consistent moisture level, but is drought-tolerant once established.

To plant hawthorn, choose a location with good air circulation and space for mature growth. Dig a hole twice as wide and as deep as the root ball, and mix in organic matter like compost or manure. Plant the tree in spring or fall, and water regularly during the first growing season. Mulch around the base to retain moisture.

Hawthorn produces its berries in late summer to early fall, which can be harvested after they have fully ripened. Cut the stems with berry clusters from the tree with pruning shears, taking care to avoid damaging the tree. Harvest the berries in small quantities, as the tree's productivity can be reduced by over-harvesting.

The hawthorn tree is susceptible to pests like Japanese beetles, codling moths, and scale insects, as well as diseases like powdery mildew, crown gall, and fire blight. Regular monitoring and pruning can help control infestations, while fungicides can be applied to treat diseases.

What are the botanical aspects of Crataegus × bornmuelleri?

Crataegus × bornmuelleri is a deciduous shrub or small tree with thorny branches, typically growing 3-10 meters in height, with simple, serrated leaves that are 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm wide.

This plant belongs to the Rosaceae family and is classified as Crataegus × bornmuelleri, a hybrid species between Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus laciniata. Its botanical classification is as follows: Kingdom: Plantae, Clade: Angiosperms, Clade: Eudicots, Clade: Rosids, Order: Rosales, Family: Rosaceae, Genus: Crataegus, Species: C. × bornmuelleri.

Several variants of Crataegus × bornmuelleri have been identified, including 'Paul's Scarlet' and 'Westonbirt Royal Halo', which differ in leaf shape, flower color, and thorn length. These variants are often grown for their ornamental value in gardens and parks.

Crataegus × bornmuelleri is native to Europe and Western Asia, but has been naturalized in many parts of North America and other regions. It thrives in well-drained soil and full sun, making it a popular choice for landscaping and horticulture.

The life cycle of Crataegus × bornmuelleri begins with seed germination in spring, followed by vegetative growth and flowering in late spring. The plant then produces fruit, typically in late summer or early fall, and enters dormancy in winter, ready to repeat the cycle the following year.

What are the historical aspects of Crataegus × bornmuelleri?

Crataegus × bornmuelleri is a hybrid species of hawthorn that has been used for various purposes throughout history. In traditional medicine, it has been employed to treat conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and digestive issues. Its leaves, flowers, and fruits have been used to make remedies.

In mythological references, hawthorn is associated with the Celts and Romans, who revered it as a symbol of protection and good fortune. The tree was often planted near homes to ward off evil spirits and misfortune. In Celtic mythology, the hawthorn was also linked to the Otherworld.

Symbolically, the hawthorn is associated with themes of fertility, abundance, and eternal life. In Christianity, the tree is said to have been the site of the Crucifixion, making it a symbol of sacrifice and redemption. In some cultures, the hawthorn is also seen as a harbinger of death and the afterlife.

In historical texts, the hawthorn is mentioned in the works of ancient Greek physicians such as Hippocrates and Galen. In medieval Europe, the tree was featured in herbal remedies and treatments for a range of ailments. The hawthorn is also mentioned in the works of botanist John Gerard in his book "Herball" in 1597.

Historical artifacts featuring hawthorn include ancient Greek and Roman pottery and sculptures, which often depicted the tree in mythological and symbolic contexts. In European folklore, the hawthorn is also featured in traditional folk art, such as woodcuts and prints, which often depicted the tree as a symbol of protection and good fortune.